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Archaeology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

4 early state comparisons

A
  • Mesopotamia
  • Egypt
  • Africa beyond the Nile Valley
  • The Aegean
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2
Q

Mesopotamia

A

land between 2 rivers (Tigris and Euphrates rivers)

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3
Q

Heart of Mesopotamia

A

southern Iraq and includes parts of Syria, Turkey, and Iran

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4
Q

Earliest know written epics and legal systems in the world

A

Gilgamesh

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5
Q

Extremely fertile

A

soils of the region due to the rivers and adjacent floodplans

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6
Q

Southern Mesopotamia

A

early cities were in what is desert wasteland today

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7
Q

Extensive marshlands

A

early sites initially were within or at the edges of important for farming

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8
Q

Salinization

A

these locations have too much concentrated salt because of earlier farming practices and can no longer support crops

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9
Q

Uruk

A
  • oldest known city in the world located in southern Iraq with 20,000-40,000 inhabitants at its peak
  • outside of the temple area is still unclear
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10
Q

Ziggurat

A

Uruk grew around 2 massive temples precincts with temple structures made of materials from outside the region and built on platforms that would give rise to stepped pyramid

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11
Q

Mesopotamia society had 3 sources of authority

A
  • the temple (heart of the city and dedicated to a deity that was key to the city’s identity (the chief priest was likely the ruler of the city))
  • The palace (the king (ensi) maintained the temple and military, and was selected by the city council)
  • The city council (little is known about the council’s power)
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12
Q

Code of Hammurabi

A

most extensive series of early legal documents that dates to 1,800 B.C.

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13
Q

Agricultural Surplus

A

spurred growth of cities in Mesopotamia and depended on irrigation agriculture

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14
Q

Irrigation agriculture

A

required organization of large work crews to build and maintain canals

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15
Q

Specialized craft production

A

also evident, including bevel-rim bowls (small, uncorrelated vessels made of coarse clay) that may have been used for grain rations or fro baking bread

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16
Q

Inequality

A

is clearly evident in this period in Mesopotamia

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17
Q

Royal Tombs at Ur

A

contained vast deposits of wealth (tools, jewelry, musical instruments, vessels made of metals, etc.) and buried men and women along with oxen attached to carts in a death pit below each tomb

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18
Q

Skulls of attendants

A

show blunt-force trauma from a bronze ax, indicating they were likely sacrificed to accompany the deceased in the afterlife

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19
Q

Royal tombs

A

are evidence of wealth concentrated in the hands of a few people (the king and close family)

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20
Q

Cuneiform writing system

A

developed in Mesopotamia during the Uruk period and involves signs impressed in wet clay tablets using a stylus

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21
Q

Pictographic script

A

Cuneiform was first (each picture represented a term of concept), but symbols later came to syllabic script (represent syllables)

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22
Q

Several different languages

A

Cuneiform was used to write (Sumerian, Akkadian, and others)

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23
Q

Seals

A

were also created with hard stone and then pressed onto clay or mud to mark ownership by a person or group

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24
Q

Cuneiform documents

A

recorded ownership and economic transactions (receipts or contracts)

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25
Q

Kuduru text

A

record transactions involving the exchange of land for goods such as bread, oil, beer, cloth, and silver

26
Q

Military prowess

A

early cities were walled and texts speak of war between societies, yet tools of war (axes, spears, arrows) were limited and depictions in text seem more a display of power than actual battles

27
Q

large urban centers

A

is clearly linked with development of state societies in this region

28
Q

Nile Valley

A

lush vegetation in contrast to the stark surrounding desert

29
Q

2 primary areas

A
  • Upper Egypt (located in south)

- Lower Egypt (located in north)

30
Q

Protective location

A

against outside threat because of deserts to east and west, and cataracts (rapids) to the south

31
Q

Nile River

A

all human settlement allowed for transportation of people and goods

32
Q

Annual flooding

A

meant soil was replenished (no over-salinization) and massive irrigation was not needed

33
Q

3 kingdoms

A

formed along the Nile Valley, but united under a single ruler named Narmer around 3,000 B.C. (found on carved slate known as Narmer Palette)

34
Q

Constant dynamic

A

Struggle for dominance between Upper and Lower Egypt over the next several thousands years

35
Q

Source of power of Egyptian king

A

his identification with a divinity

36
Q

Ma’at

A

Egyptian concept of virtues of balance and justice vital to power of the king (his role was to ensure preservation of ma’at)

37
Q

Scribes

A

king controlled the state via armies who recorded everything from harvests to bread and beer depicted in the Tomb of Ty at Saqqara

38
Q

Egyptian hieroglyphic writing consisted of

A
  • Logograms (signs representing whole words or phrases)
  • Phonograms (signs representing sounds)
  • Determinatives (signs indicating exact meaning of a word)
39
Q

Hieratic

A

was an alternative script to hieroglyphics develo[ed during the Fourth Dynasty

40
Q

Egyptian pyramids

A

were temples dedicated to deceased king who were seen as incarnted as the Osiris

41
Q

Red pyramid

A

the first true pyramid built by KIng Snefru of the Fourth Dynasty (took 3 tries to build it)

42
Q

Hierakonpolis

A

The first capital of a unified Egypt located in the Upper Egyptain region

43
Q

Giza

A

sites of 3 pyramids that represent the apex of pyramid construction in Old Kingdom Egypt

44
Q

Great Sphinx

A

one of the most famous features at Giza that was carved into the bedrock of a small hill and features the figure of a cat with a human head

45
Q

Entire Nile Valley

A

Egyptian king which was embodied by the figure of a king wearing the crowns of Upper the Lower Egypt

46
Q

Kinship

A

did play an important role long after the firmation of the state

47
Q

Questions remain

A

regarding how such a massive labor force needed for pyramid construction was possible

48
Q

Unanswered questions

A

remain about the development of Africa states outside of the NIle Valley

49
Q

Sudan

A

a series of complex societies developed along the NIle River in Nubia

50
Q

Ethiopia highlands

A

impressive kingdom developed around the city Axun, famous for standing stones carved in the shape of multistory buildings

51
Q

West Africa

A

well-established cities were built such as Benin in what is now Nigeria and is known for brass plaques

52
Q

Jenne-Jeno (in Mali)

A

shows urban centers in West Africa predate extensive external contacts (thus, little out side influence)

53
Q

The Aegean

A

a region including the Aegean Sea, islands and peninsulas during the Bronze Age

54
Q

Minoan culture

A

from the island of Crete south of the Aegean Sea that first developed as complex social institution around 1900 B.C.

55
Q

Mycenaean culture

A

society that developed on the Peloponnese peninsula and central Greece around 1500 B.C.

56
Q

Minoans and Mycenaeans

A

often portrayed as polar opposites (Minoans as peace-loving, Mycenaean’s as aggressive warriors), but this is likely conjecture

57
Q

Lion Gate

A

Mycenaeans often surrounded their citadels with massive fortification walls, including this monuments

58
Q

The Palace

A

the core of both Minoan and Mycenaean states

59
Q

Palaces

A

of both groups were lavishly painted (paring spectacle with administration)

60
Q

Akrotiri on the island of Thera

A

a preserved site under ash deposited by volcanic eruption around 1500 B.C.

61
Q

Increased

A

a century later, Mycenaean influence on Minoan Crete

Archaeology (12 decks)

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