Chapter 7

Question 1

Development of agriculture

Answer 1

profound effect on the way humans relate to plants and animals
through human society and technology

Question 2

Several thousands of years

Answer 2

process differed significantly among the various regions

Question 3

humanity from nature

Answer 3

the breaking point that humans developed agriculture

Question 4

Most profound and significant

Answer 4

the transition from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies

Question 5

3 main components of agriculture

Answer 5

• Domestication (human intervention in the reproduction of plants and animals)
• Technology (a tool used for daily tasks such as harvesting and processing food, and the development of storage)
• Community (the development of settled villages and a constructed landscape)

Question 6

Agriculture

Answer 6

led to shifts in social organization, leadership, and the relationship of kin groups and property

Question 7

Major effects

Answer 7

how people saw themselves in relation to supernatural forces (after agriculture)

Question 8

Neolithic Revolution

Answer 8

the ability to actively control food production that led to an increase in food supply, which in turn supported an increased population that resulted in the development of settled villages

Question 9

Coevolutionary process

Answer 9

a relationship between plant and animal species as in development in agriculture

Question 10

Transition to agriculture

Answer 10

removal of humans from nature (humans dominating nature rather than living in unity with it)

Question 11

Marshall Sahlins

Answer 11

found that hunter-gathers actually spend less time working for their food than agriculturalists and have far more leisure time

Question 12

Less healthy

Answer 12

on skeletal remains show that early agriculturalists than hunter-gathers (increased crowding in permanent village caused people to be more vulnerable to an outbreaks of disease and the quality of diet decreased

Question 13

6 major centers for the independent domestication of indigenous plants and animals

Answer 13

The Middle East, Southern China, Northern China, Africa, the Andes, and the Central Mexico

Question 14

Limited independent domestication of plants occurred in

Answer 14

North America and New Guinea

Question 15

Broad Spectrum adaptation

Answer 15

exploitation of a wide range of plant and animal resources that commonly preceded the shift from hunting-gathering to agriculture

Question 16

No ONE single hypothesis

Answer 16

that explains the shift to agriculture in different parts of the world

Question 17

Middle East

Answer 17

first focus area for exploing the transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture in a wide range of climates and its various regions form an area known as the Fertile Crescent

Question 18

Fertile Crescent

Answer 18

trees, large stands of wild cereals (wheat, barley, and rye), woodlands, and deserts

Question 19

Stages of the Middle East Transition to Agriculture

Answer 19

• Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran (25,000-15,000 years ago)
• Natufian (15,000-12,000 years ago)
• Early Neolithic (12,000-8,500 years ago)
• Late Neolithic (8,500-7,000 yearws ago)