Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 231 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

defined as intentional and repeated aggression via email, texts, social networking sites, and other electronic media

A

cyberbullying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cyberbullying, defined as … and …. aggression via email, texts, social networking sites, and other electronic media

A

intentional and repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is agression

A

aggression is physical or verbal behaviour intended to cause harm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 types of agression? 4 dimensions they differ on

A

physical and social/ hostile and instrumental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what kind of agression is terrorism

A

instrumental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In analyzing causes of hostile and instrumental aggression, social psychologists have focused on three big ideas: …

A

biological influences, frustration, and learned behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Freud speculated that human aggression springs from a self-destructive impulse. It re- directs toward others the energy of a primitive death urge :T

A

the death instinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lorenz saw aggression as … rather than self-destructive.

A

adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 hallmarks of instinctive behaviour

A

(innate, unlearned, and universal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does the instinctive behaviour theory think happens to agression if not released

A

builds up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why are men more agressive instinctually

A

better odds of survival and reproduction

when social status challenged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why is male agression highest in adol

A

Status-based aggression also helps explain why aggression is highest during adolescence and early adulthood,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

theories of agressiion?

A

instinct theory
neural influences
genetic influences
biochemical influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where is agression located in the brain

A

not one area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

people with antisocial conduct disorder have different brains how

A

they have less active prefrontal conrtex which controls anger impuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

whats a situational factor that causes agression

A

lack of sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Our…—how intense and reactive we are—are partly brought with us into the world, influenced by our sympathetic nervous system’s reactivity

A

. temperaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Neither “bad” genes nor a “bad” environment alone predispose later aggressiveness and antisocial behaviour; rather, …

A

genes predispose some children to be more sensitive and responsive to maltreatment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what biolchemcial influence is most known to cause agression

A

alc, testosterone, poor diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Alcohol enhances aggres- siveness by reducing people’s …, by focusing their attention on a …, and by people’s mentally associating alcohol with …

A

self-awareness, provocation, aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2 main nutrients in diet that cause agression when low?

A

calcium and omega

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does calcium and omega do

A

calcium (which guards against impulsivity) omega important to brain function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

To lower aggression, eat a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids, low in …, and without ….

A

trans fat

sweetened drinks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The traffic between biology and behaviour flows both ways. For example, higher levels of testoster- one may cause …. but

A

dominant and aggressive behaviour, but dominant and aggressive behaviour also lead to higher testosterone levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

… is anything (such as the malfunctioning vending machine) that blocks us from attaining a goal.

A

Frustration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Frustration grows when our motivation to achieve a goal is …, when we expected …, and when the blocking is ….

A

very strong, gratification, complete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

frustration- aggression theory often appears as …

A

road rage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The aggressive energy need not explode directly against its source. where do we usually explode

A

Most people learn to inhibit direct retaliation, especially when others might disap- prove or punish; instead, we displace our hostilities to safer targets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is displacement

A

we displace our hostilities to safer targets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

does frustration always increase agression

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

a confederate disrupted a group’s problem-solving because his hearing aid malfunctioned (rather than just because he wasn’t paying attention)—then frustration led to …

A

irritation but not aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how did the frustration agression theory get revised

A

Anger arises when someone who frustrates us could have chosen to act otherwise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

when we have unjustified frustration it needs what two things to = agression

A

anger, agression cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Frustration is not only caused by complete deprivation; more often, …

A

frustra- tion arises from the gap between expectations and attainments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

T: A raise in salary for a city’s police officers, while temporarily lifting their morale, may deflate that of the firefighters.

A

relative deprevation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

relative deprivation, explain why happiness tends to be lower and crime rates higher in communities and nations with …

A

large income inequality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how is agression a leanred social behaviour

A

rewards of agression

observational learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

whos theory encompassed how agression is caused by. observed leanring

A

social learning theory = bandura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

in social learning theory where do kids learn from

A

culture, family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

the social leanring theory of agression starts with what 2 ingredients

A

aversive epxeriences and rewards and costs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what do the aversive experiences lead to

A

emotioal arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what do the rewards and costs lead to

A

anticipated consequences

43
Q

7 possible outcomes of arousal and consequences of social learning theory of agression?

A 
Dependency
Achievement
Withdrawal and resignation
Aggression
Bodily symptoms
Self-anaesthetization with drugs and alcohol
Constructive problem solving
44
Q

Recipes for aggression often include some type of aversive experience. These include ….3

A

pain, uncomfortable heat, or an attack.

45
Q

does scent influence agression

A

yes but most prominent enviro irritant is heat

46
Q

A state of arousal can be interpreted in different ways depending on the …

A

context.

47
Q

Although com- mon sense might lead us to assume that Tawna’s run would have drained her aggressive tensions, it’s more likely that she would react with more anger and aggression. why

A

As these studies show, arousal fuels emotions

48
Q

For hunters, for example, seeing a hunting rifle does not prime aggressive thoughts, although it does for nonhunters why

A

This is especially so when a weapon is perceived as an instrument of violence rather than a rec- reational item.

49
Q

5 aversive sitautions

A

Pain or discomfort Frustration Attack or insult Crowding

50
Q

after a.n aversive situation what 3 things do you need for anger

A

arousal, anger, hostile thoughts and feelings

51
Q

“rape myth”what is

A

—that some women would wel- come sexual assault and that “no doesn’t really mean no”?

52
Q

does viewing of pornogrpahy cause woman to give into the rape myth

A

Given frequent media images of women’s resistance melting in the arms of a forceful man, we shouldn’t be surprised that even women often believe that some other woman might enjoy being sexually overpowered—although virtu- ally none think it of themselves

53
Q

if pornography doesnt cause violence what is the other explanaition

A

But perhaps pornography doesn’t actually cause violence; instead, violent men like violent pornography.

54
Q

After viewing an aggressive-erotic film, university and college men delivered stronger shocks than before, especially to a ..

A

woman.

55
Q

Do viewers imitate violent models?

A

the heavy viewers were, indeed, more violent because of their TV exposure.

56
Q

Violence viewing at age 8 wasnt a predictor of a serious criminal offence by age 30.

A

f was

57
Q

Violence viewing at age 8 wasnt a predictor of a serious criminal offence by age 30.

A

f was

58
Q

Where television goes, increased … follows.

A

violence

59
Q

Why does media viewing affect behaviour?

3

A

arousal
disinhibits
imitation

60
Q

what is the upside to TVs influence

A

modelling of pro- social behaviour should be socially beneficial

61
Q

Does prolonged viewing desensitize us to cruelty?

A

“extinguish.” After witnessing thousands of acts of cruelty, there is good reason to expect a similar emotional numbing

62
Q

Does it give us mental scripts for how to act?

A

culturally provided mental instructions for how to act.= social scripts and yes

63
Q

how does media influence our thinking? 4

A

social scripts, desensitization, altered perceptions, cogintive priming

64
Q

Does it distort our perceptions of real- ity? Does it prime aggressive thoughts?

A

altered percpetions= most potent media effect. are more likely than light viewers (two hours or fewer) to exaggerate the frequency of violence in the world around them and to fear being personally assaulted.

65
Q

T: After viewing violence, people offer more hostile explanations for others’ behaviour (Was the shove intentional?)

A

cognitive priming

66
Q

why do video games have even worse effects on violence than tv

A

Identify with, and play the role of, a violent character.
• Actively rehearse violence, instead of passively watching it.
• Engage in the whole sequence of enacting violence—selecting victims, acquir- ing weapons and ammunition, stalking the victim, aiming the weapon, pulling the trigger.
• Engage with continual violence and threats of attack. • Repeat violent behaviours over and over. • Get rewards for violent acts.

67
Q

today’s violent game-playing predicted later aggression, but ….

A

today’s aggression did not predict future vio- lent game-playing

68
Q

5 things agressive video game playing causes which leads to increased agressive personality?

A

desensitization, agressive scripts, agressive beliefs and attitudes, agressive perceptions, agressive expectations

69
Q

what are some of the agressive feelings video games produce

A

hostility, anger and revenge

70
Q

Compared with those who did not play violent games, fre- quent gamers’ brains reacted less strongly to negative images what has happened here?

A

habituation in the brain means they are numb to these events

71
Q

how did video games influence carrying a weapon

A

5 x more likely

72
Q

video games cause decreases in what and increases in what

A

decreases in self control and helping and empathy for others increases in antisocial behaviour

73
Q

Thus, when someone claims that playing violent video games does not make them more aggressive, that might be because …

A

their perception of what counts as “aggressive” no longer includes less severe, but still harmful, acts

74
Q

these studies challenge the …— the idea that violent games allow people to safely express their aggressive tendencies and “get their anger out”

A

catharsis hypothesis

75
Q

Other critics point out that most experi- ments on violent video games have not used control games similar in …, creating the possibility that these factors increase aggression rather than the violence in the games per se

A

competitiveness or pace of action

76
Q

Groups can amplify aggressive reactions partly by …

A

diffusing responsibility.

77
Q

Does such distancing make it easier to recommend aggression?

A

yes

78
Q

Youths sharing antisocial tendencies and lacking close family bonds and expectations of academic success may find social identity in a gang. As group identity devel- ops, … and … increase

A

conformity pressures and deindividuation

79
Q

The twentieth-century massacres that claimed more than 150 million lives were “not the sums of individual actions,” what are they then

A

Massacres are social phenomena fed by “moral imperatives”—a collective mentality

80
Q

When individuals chose how much shock to administer as punishment for wrong answers, they escalated the shock level as the experiment proceeded. what does groups have to do with this

A

group decision-making further polarized this tendency.

81
Q

in both the lab and the real words these conditions increase agression 8

A

Being male • Aggressive or anger-prone personalities • Alcohol use • Violence viewing • Anonymity • Provocation • The presence of weapons • Group interaction

82
Q

if catharsis is bad how should we express negative feelings

A

Fortunately, there are nonaggressive ways to express our feelings and to tell others how their behaviour affects us.

83
Q

Across cultures, those who reframe accusatory “you” messages as “I” messages— how does this work

A

reframe accusitory agressive statements to assertive

84
Q

according to social learning theory how should parents respond to kids agression

A

children become less aggressive when caregivers ignore their aggres- sive behaviour and reinforce their nonaggressive behaviour

85
Q

Threatened punishment deters aggression only under ideal conditions: 3

A

when the punishment is strong, prompt, and sure; when it is combined with reward for the desired behaviour; and when the recipient is not angry

86
Q

why does the death penalty not deter homocide

A

because its hot rage not cool and calculated

87
Q

does increasing sentancing or policing work to reduce violence?

A

policing stops violence before it happens = prevention efforts work best

88
Q

3 ways to reduce bullying?

A

teachers monitor children closely (Campbell, 2005; Wingate et al., 2013) and when chil- dren are educated about what behaviours are considered bullying (Mishna, 2004). Other programs focus on teaching empathy and encourage children not to ignore bullying

89
Q

what is the “aggression-replacement program”

A

reduced re-arrest rates of juvenile offenders and gang members by teaching the youths and their parents communication skills, training them to control anger, and raising their level of moral reasoning

90
Q

If observing aggressive models lowers inhibitions and elicits imitation, then we might also …

A

reduce brutal, dehumanizing portrayals in films and on television—

91
Q

does simply lowering tv intake do anything for agression

A

yes lowers it

92
Q

people who are sensitive to …are less aggressive

A

disgust

93
Q

People who see moral rules as negotiable are more agressive how can we combat this

A

teaching some non-negotiable rules and moral reasoning (“It’s never okay to hit,” “Cheating hurts everyone”) might reduce aggressive behaviour.

94
Q

what causes hostile agression

A

emotions like anger

95
Q

3 theories of agression

A

social learning theory, frustration reduction theory, instinct

96
Q

is there muc hevidence in faovur if instinct view?

A

no but blood chemistry heredity and the brain are biolgical facotrs that increase agression

97
Q

in the frustration theory what is needed other than frustration to cause agression

A

agression cues

98
Q

Frustration stems not from deprivation itself but from the gap between …

A

expectations and achievements.

99
Q

one factor is aversive experi- ences, which include not only frustrations but also …4 , both physical and verbal.

A

discomfort, heat, pain, and personal attacks

100
Q

Arousal from almostwhat sources can be transformed into other emotions, such as anger.

A

any source, even physical exercise or sexual stimulation,

101
Q

Viewing violence (1) breeds a modest increase in aggressive behaviour, especially in …

A

people who are provoked;

102
Q

3 consequences of viwing violence?

A

Viewing violence (1) breeds a modest increase in aggressive behaviour, especially in people who are provoked; (2) desensitizes viewers to aggres- sion; and (3) alters viewers’ perceptions of reality.

103
Q

By … and …s, group situations amplify aggressive reactions.

A

diffusing responsibility and polarizing action

PSYC 231 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions