Chapter 6 Flashcards
We choose … to suit our values and judgments. … both describe and evaluate, and they are inescapable.
labels
Conformity is not just acting as other people act; it is also …
being affected by how they act. It is acting or thinking differently from the way you would act and think if you were alone.
what is conformity
a change in behaviour or belief to accord with others.
you rise to cheer when your team scores a goal. is this conforming? how do you know?
. The key is whether your behaviour and beliefs would be the same apart from the group.
3 types of conformity?
compliance, obedience, and acceptance
T: We put on the necktie or dress, although we dislike doing so.
complience
. This insincere, outward con- formity is …
compliance.
why do we comply
primarily to reap a reward or avoid a punishment
If our compliance is to an explicit command, we call it …
obedience
T: We may join millions of others in exercising because we have all been told that exercise is healthy and we accept that as true.
acceptance
what is acceptance
sincere, inward conformity
Acceptance sometimes follows compliance; we may come to inwardly believe some- thing we initially questioned. how does this relate to chapter 4
attitudes follow behaviour
3 classic conformity studies?
Sherif’s Studies of Norm Formation
Asch’s Studies of Group Pressure
Milgram’s Obedience Studies
Sherif wanted to isolate and then experiment with the social phenomenon of …
norm formation.
explain sheriffs exp
describe how far light moves w or without people
When the light goes off for the first time, how do the 3 parties respond
with their responses from the other day
Sherif had taken advantage of an optical illusion called the …
autokinetic phenomenon.
When people were retested alone a year later, would their estimates again diverge or would they continue to follow the group norm?
Remarkably, they continued to support the group norm
a confederate give an inflated estimate of how far the light moved. The confederate then left the experiment and was replaced by another real subject, who was in turn replaced by a still newer member. The inflated illusion persisted (although diminish- ing) for ..generations of participants.
five
conclusion of sheriffs exp?
our perceptions are not ours alone
Friends function as a … off which we match
social system
T: Picture yourself in one of their experiments, working alongside a confederate who occasionally either rubbed her face or shook her foot. then you do the same
chameleon effect
our natural tendency to mimic inclines us to ..
feel what the other feels
Being mimicked seems to enhance .., which can even lead to donating more money to a charity.
social bonds
what is “the Werther effect.”
such imitative suicidal behav- iour off his book
the copycat suicide phenomenon happens even after serious dramas that focus on the suicide problem
t
how often did responses conform in ashes experiment?
37 percent of the responses were conforming.
ashes exp shows that most people tell the truth even when others do not
t
did ashes exp have mundane or exp realism?
exp not mundane
The Sherif and Asch results are startling because they involve …
no obvious pressure to conform—there are no rewards for “team play,” no punishments for individuality.
what was the volt rage in milgrams study
15 to 450 volts
when does he start crying out
150
when does he fall silent
330
saying they had a heart conditoin had what effect? what about being a woman?
The learner’s anguished protests were to little avail; of 40 new men in this study, 25 (63 percent) fully complied with the experi- menter’s demands (Figure 6–4). Ten later studies that included women found that women’s compliance rates were similar to men’s
Four factors that determined the level of obedience were …
the victim’s emotional distance, the authority’s closeness and legitimacy,
whether or not the authority was part of a respected institution, and the liberating effects of a disobedi- ent fellow participant.
When the learner was in the same room, “only” .. percent obeyed to 450 volts.
40
Full compliance dropped to a still-astonishing 30 percent when teachers were required to ..
force the learner’s hand into contact with a shock plate.
how did nazis use milgrams obediance rules
devise a “more humane” kill- ing, one that would visually separate the killers and their victims. The solution was the construction of concrete gas chambers, where the killers would not see or hear the human consequences of their horror
people act most compassionately toward those who are …
personal- ized.
When Milgram gave the commands by telephone, full obedience was percent
dropped to 21
The clerk “decided” that the shock should be increased one level for each wrong answer and instructed the teacher accordingly. Now how many refused to comply? why?
80% This rebellion against an illegitimate authority contrasted sharply with the deferential politeness usually shown the experimenter.
Doctor (a legitimate authority) orders; nurse obeys.
is this true
yes 90% of nurses gave overdose of meds on doc orders
When the “learner-has-a-heart-condition” study was run with the same personnel, what percentage of the men do you suppose fully obeyed? in a less prestigious university
(48 percent) was still remarkably high, it was significantly lower than the 65 percent rate at Yale.
when was confomrity a good thing in Milgrams studies
when a student objects the teacher will follow their example and refuse (90%)
how does milgrams apply to soldiers
Soldiers are trained to obey superiors.
both the Asch and
Milgram studies share certain commonalities….
They show how compliance can take pre- cedence over moral sense.
what situations do attitudes fail to determine behaviour?
when external influences override inner convictions.
Assume that when the learner gives the first wrong answer, the experimenter asks you to zap him with 330 volts. After flicking the switch, you hear the learner scream, complain of a heart disturbance, and plead for mercy. Do you continue?
probably not, because of the foot in the door
how does the foot in the door phenomenon opperate in milgrams study
By the time they delivered 330 volts, the participants had complied 22 times and reduced some of their dissonance. They were, therefore, in a different psy- chological state from that of someone beginning the experiment at that point.
… and … can feed one another, sometimes in an escalating spiral.
external behaviour and internal disposition
“He was so stupid and stubborn he deserved to get shocked” what bias is happening here
needing to jusitify their behaviour = attitude change
During the early 1970s, Greece’s military junta used this “…” process to train torturers
blame-the-victim
Human beings have the capacity to come to experience killing other people as nothing extraordinary” how can this come to be
Evolving attitudes both follow and justify actions. criticism produces contempt, which licenses cruelty, which, when justified, leads to brutality, then killing, then systematic killing.
how did this same foot in the door induce helping in the holocaust
the resisters made an initial commitment : —supported by their beliefs, by their own author
ities, and by one another—remained defiant to the war’s end. Initial helping heightened commitment, leading to more helping.
This chapter’s most important lesson—that ….— reveals the strength of the social context.
immediate situational forces are powerful
when a sexist comment is said how main claim to take it lying down vs actually do
5% say they would say nothing, 55% actually say nothing
