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PSYC 231 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what are some things we have prejudice based on?

A

religion, weight, age, immigrants

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2
Q

can prejudice be positive

A

Yes but rarely is

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3
Q

a preconceived nega- tive judgment of a group and its individual members. :T

A

prejudice

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4
Q

what is prejudice

A

a preconceived nega- tive judgment of a group and its individual members.

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5
Q

prejudice is an attitude, what are the ABCs of attitudes

A

affect (feelings)
cognitiion (beliefs)
behaviour (actions)

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6
Q

The negative evaluations that mark prejudice often are supported by negative beliefs, called …

A

stereotypes.

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7
Q

are sterotypes always wrong

A

no can be accurate or innacurate

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8
Q

An accurate stereotype may even be desirable. why

A

We call it “sensitivity to diversity” or “cultural awareness in a multicultural world.”

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9
Q

… dominates bias

A

Accuracy= our sterotypes are 90% right

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10
Q

what is

The “10 percent problem”

A

90% of our judgements are correct but 10 %with stereotypes arises when they are overgeneralized or just plain wrong,

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11
Q

is the only problem with innaccurate sterotypes

A

Another problem arises when people attribute differences to biology, ignoring powerful social forces.

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12
Q

… is a negative attitude; … is negative behaviour.

A

Prejudice, discrimination

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13
Q

discrim behaviour is always sourced from prejudice attitudes

A

f not always often though

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14
Q

Racism and sexism are institutional practices that discriminate, even when there is no prejudicial intent. how does this happen then

A

If word-of- mouth hiring practices in an all-White business have the effect of excluding potential non-White employees, the practice could be called racism—even if an employer intended no discrimination.

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15
Q

Much discrimination reflects no intended harm; it’s simply ….

A

favouritism toward people like oneself

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16
Q

can priming infleunce attitudes

A

yes Having been primed with images associated with Blacks, for example, they may then react with more hostility to an experimenter’s
(intentionally) annoying request.

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17
Q

… status breeds prejudice.

A

Unequal

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18
Q

They found that powerful men who stereotype their female subordinates give them plenty of praise but fewer resources, thus undermining their perfor- mance. why?

A

This sort of patronizing behaviour allows the men to maintain their positions of power.

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19
Q

distinction between “… and …” sexism extends to other prejudices

A

hostile” and “benevolent

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20
Q

the distinction between hostile” and “benevolent prejudice suggests we judge people on what 2 dimensions

A

likability and competence

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21
Q

how does likeability and cometence attitudes differ based on status

A

We typically respect the competence of those high in status and like those who agreeably accept a lower status.

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22
Q

Those high in … tend to view people in terms of hierarchies. They like their social groups to be high status;

A

social dominance orientation

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23
Q

what places in the states were more anti semitist during ww2 (what distinguished more racist places from less racist ones)

A

In studies of American adults, Theodor Adorno and his colleagues (1950) dis- covered that hostility toward Jews often coexisted with hostility toward other minorities. Prejudice appeared to be less an attitude specific to one group than a way of thinking about those who are “different.”

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24
Q

These judgmental, … people shared certain tenden- cies: an intolerance for weakness, a punitive attitude, and a submissive respect for their group’s authorities, as reflected in their agreement with such statements as this: “Obe- dience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn.”

A

ethnocentric

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25
Q

what personality type is more ethnocentric

A

authoritative

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26
Q

Prejudices dont coexist

A

f they do : Anti-gay, anti-immigrant, anti-Black, anti-Muslim, and anti- women sentiments often live inside the same skin

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27
Q

how do authoritarian tendencies change during recessions

A

arthoritarian tendencies surge

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28
Q

Particularly striking are people high in …. and …..= most prejudiced people in society

A

social dominance orientation and authoritarian personality

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29
Q

… appears more related to concern with security and control, whereas … appears more related to a person’s group status

A

Authoritarianism

social dominance orientation

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30
Q

what is the relationship between religion and prejudice

A

They need to justify keeping things the way they are. And what could be a more powerful justification than to believe that God has ordained the existing social order?

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31
Q

is the link between prejudgice and religion causal

A

no

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32
Q

If, indeed, religion causes prejudice, then more religious church members should also be more prejudiced. are they??

A

not nessisarily

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33
Q

If we define religiousness as church membership or willingness to agree at least superficially with traditional beliefs, then ..

A

the more religious people are the more racially prejudiced.

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34
Q

once prejudice is established what keeps it going

A

They will act not so much out of a need to hate as out of a need to be liked and accepted. = conformity

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35
Q

how does level of conformity correlate with religon

A

Those who conformed most to other social norms were also most prejudiced; those who were less conforming mirrored less of the surrounding prejudice.

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36
Q

What contemporary examples of institutionalized biases still go unnoticed?

A

facism

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37
Q

what is faceism

A

two-thirds of the average male photo, but less than half of the aver- age female photo, was devoted to the face.

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38
Q

when living standards are rising, societies tend to be more open to diversity and to the passage and enforcement of anti-discrimination laws (Frank, 1999). Ethnic peace is easier to maintain during prosperous times.
what theory does this support

A

scapegoat theory

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39
Q

frustration and agression = scapegoat theory: in this theory who will be the target

A

Targets for this displaced aggression vary.

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40
Q

what are scapegoats used for

A

Scapegoats provide a handy explanation for bad events

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41
Q

No .., no prejudice.

A

passion

42
Q

… is an important source of frustration that can fuel prejudice.

A

Competition

43
Q

what study showed that competition causes prejudice

A

boys at camp 2 dif teams

44
Q

The …. suggests that prejudice arises when groups compete for scarce resources

A

realistic group conflict theory

45
Q

Self-concept—our sense of who we are—contains not just a … (our sense of our personal attributes and attitudes) but also a ….

A

personal identity, social identity

46
Q

3 parts of social identity theory?

A

we categorize, we identify (in), we compare (outgroups)

47
Q

When people’s personal and social identities become fused—what happens

A

when the boundary between self and group blurs—they become more willing to fight or die for their group

48
Q

what 2 things contribute to personal idenity

A

self serving bias and personal achoevement

49
Q

what 2 things contribute to group identiyy

A

in group bias and group achieveemnt

50
Q

The mere experience of being formed into groups may promote …

A

in-group bias.

51
Q

when will we bask in a friends achievement

A

We can also bask in the reflected glory of a friend’s achievement—except when the friend outperforms us on something pertinent to our iden- tity

52
Q

are we prone to identifying as a group

A

We are so group conscious that given any excuse to think of ourselves as a group we will do so—and will then exhibit in-group bias.

53
Q

We are more prone to in-group bias when our group is …2

A

small and lower in status rela- tive to the out-group

54
Q

Must in-group liking foster out-group disliking?

A

usually does

55
Q

There is a long history of denying human attributes to out-groups—a process called “…”

A

infrahumanization.

56
Q

is in group bias and discrimination caused from hostiity

A

Yet in-group bias and discrimination result less from hostility than from in-group favouritism

57
Q

positive feelings for our own groups need not be mirrored by equally strong negative feelings for out-groups.

A

t

58
Q

Status is …: To perceive ourselves as having status, we need people below us.

A

relative

59
Q

members of lower-status sororities were more disparaging of other sororities than were members of higher-status sorori- ties why?

A

If our status is secure, we have less need to feel superior, and we express less prejudice (

60
Q

With death on their minds, people exhibit …

A

terror management.

61
Q

why does thinking about death cause stronger prejudice

A

They shield themselves from the threat of their own death by derogating those whose chal- lenges to their worldviews further arouse their anxiety. When people are already feeling vulnerable about their mortality, prejudice helps bolster a threatened belief system.

62
Q

what does thinking about death do to in group feelings

A

heighten communal feelings,

63
Q

a man who doubts his own strength and independence might, by proclaiming women to be pitifully weak and dependent, why

A

boost his masculine image.

64
Q

what is the connection between self-image and prejudice

A

: Affirm people and they will evaluate an out- group more positively; threaten their self-esteem and they will restore it by denigrating an out-group

65
Q

why. are old people more prejudiced

A

who lose some of their ability to inhibit unwanted thoughts and, there- fore, to suppress old stereotypes (

66
Q

that people low and high in prejudice sometimes have similar automatic prejudicial responses.

A

T

67
Q

An emotion-processing centre in the brain also becomes more active as a person views an u…

A

nfamiliar person of another race

68
Q

Even automatic prejudices subside, noted Devine and her colleagues (2005), when people’s motivation to avoid prejudice is .. rather than ….

A

internal (because they believe prejudice is wrong) rather than external (because they don’t want others to think badly of them).

69
Q

we are most liekly to rely on steotypes when… 5

A

pressed for time (Kaplan, Wanshula, & Zanna, 1993), • preoccupied (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991), • tired (Bodenhausen, 1990), • emotionally aroused (Esses, Haddock, & Zanna, 1993b; Stroessner & Mackie, 1993), or • too young to appreciate diversity

70
Q

… and … are, in our current world, powerful ways of categorizing people.

A

Ethnicity and sex

71
Q

is categorizatin prejudice

A

no but is foundation for it and nessasy for it

72
Q

how did prejudiced vs non prejudiced people differ in categorizing white black and grey ovals and categorizing faces

A

. Both groups proved equally speedy at classifying white, black, and grey ovals. But how much time did each group take to categorize people by race? Especially when shown faces whose race was somewhat ambiguous (Figure 11–2), prejudiced people took longer, with more apparent concern for classifying people as “us” (their own race) or “them” (another race).

73
Q

When we assign people to

groups—athletes, drama majors, psychology professors—we are likely to exaggerate …

A

the similarities within groups and the differences between them

74
Q

T:—a sense that they are “all alike” and different from “us” and “our” group

A

out-group homogeneity effect

75
Q

The mere fact of a … can also lead outsiders to overestimate a group’s unanimity.

A

group decision

76
Q

When the group is our own (more farmilliar), we are more likely to see …

A

diversity:

77
Q

They more accurately recognize the White faces than the Black, and they often falsely recognize Black faces never before seen.
:T

A

own race bias

78
Q

can we not perceive differences among faces of another race?

A

. Rather, when looking at a face from another racial groupwe often pay attention, first, to race (“that man is Black”) rather than to individual features. When viewing someone of our own race, we are less attentive to the race category and more attentive to individual details,

79
Q

T:—the tendency for both children and older adults to more accurately identify faces from their own age groups

A

own-age bias

80
Q

Have you noticed that people also define you by your most … traits and behaviours?

A

dis- tinctive

81
Q

ITS EASIER FOR MInority job applicants to impress

A

t because we think its distinct from what we expected of the group although they also must work harder to prove that their abilities are genuine

82
Q

why are those in minorities numbers in popluations often overestimatied

A

Those in a numerical minority, being more distinctive, also may be numerically over- estimated by the majority.

83
Q

But sometimes our attentiveness to unusual occurrences creates …

A

illusory correlations

84
Q

“Group A” or “Group B,” were said to have done something desir- able or undesirable; for example, “John, a member of Group A, visited a sick friend in the hospital.” Twice as many statements described members of Group A as Group B, but both groups did nine desirable acts for every four undesirable behaviours. which group was judged more harshly?

A

The students then overestimated the frequency with which the “minority” group (B) acted undesirably and judged Group B more harshly.

85
Q

what is group A B an example of

A

illusionary correlation

86
Q

why does fundemental attribution error occur

A

The error occurs partly because our attention focuses on the person, not on the situation. A person’s race or sex is vivid and gets attention; the situational forces working on that person are usually less visible.

87
Q

The more people assume that…., the stronger are their stereotypes and the greater their acceptance of racial inequalities

A

human traits are fixed dispositions

88
Q

The more people assume that…., the stronger are their stereotypes and the greater their acceptance of racial inequalities

A

human traits are fixed dispositions

89
Q

This .. also means that positive behaviour by out-group members is more often dismissed. It may be seen as a “special case”, as owing to luck or some special advantage, as demanded by the situation or as attributable to extra effort

A

group-serving bias

90
Q

who shows less group serving bias

A

Disadvantaged groups and groups that stress modesty (such as the Chinese)

91
Q

how do we describle people from in group and outgroups differently for positive things

A

found that positive behaviours by another in-group member are often described as general dispositions (for example, “Lucy is helpful”). When performed by an out-group member, the same behaviour is often described as a specific, isolated act (“Maria opened the door for the man with the cane”).

92
Q

how do we describle people from in group and outgroups differently for negative things

A

With negative behaviour, the specificity reverses: “Eric shoved her” (an isolated act by an in-group member) but “Enrique was aggressive” (an out-group member’s general disposi- tion).

93
Q

what is this positive negative description style called

A

linguistic intergroup bias.

94
Q

dif attitudes for in vs outgroups

A

in = favouritisim out=

Denigration

95
Q

dif perceptions for in vs outgroups

A

Heterogeneity (we differ)

Homogeneity (they’re all alike)

96
Q

merely observing an innocent person being victimized makes us feel lympathy but not empathy

A

f is enough to make the victim seem less worthy.

97
Q

why do we disparage helpless victims

A

results from the human need to believe that “I am a just person living in a just world, a world where people get what they deserve.”

98
Q

T: results from the human need to believe that “I am a just person living in a just world, a world where people get what they deserve.”

A

just-world phenomenon

99
Q

After watching the victim receive these apparently painful shocks, the experimenter asks you to evaluate her. How would you respond? With compassionate sympathy?

A

On the contrary, in these experiments, the martyrs were dishonoured. When observers were power- less to alter the victim’s fate, they often rejected and devalued the victim.

100
Q

how does choice influence how we feel about victims

A

When researchers activate the concept of choice by having people record others’ choices, participants display less empathy for disadvantaged individuals, engage in more victim-blaming, and show reduced support for social policies, such as affirmative action

101
Q

University students in the 2000s were more likely to endorse just-world beliefs than those in the 1970s—an effect the study authors attribute to …

A

growing income inequality

102
Q

People loathe a loser but only if their bad luck was their fault

A

f even when the loser’s misfortune obviously stems from mere bad luck.

PSYC 231 (15 decks)

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