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PSYC 231 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

all groups have one thing in common

A

: Their members interact

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2
Q

why does jogging partners mean it is a group

A

there is an us and a them

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3
Q

why is the line between whats a group and whats not blurry

A

People who are merely in one another’s presence do sometimes influence one another.

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4
Q

In this chapter, we consider three examples of such collective influence: …. These three phenomena can occur with mini- mal interaction

A

social facili- tation, social loafing, and deindividuation

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5
Q

Then we will consider four examples of social influence in interacting groups: …

A

group polarization, groupthink, leadership, and minority influence.`

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6
Q

“Mere presence” means that the people are not competing, do not reward or punish, and in fact do nothing except be present as a passive audience or as ….

A

co-actors.

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7
Q

Arousal enhances whatever response tendency is …

A

dominant.

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8
Q

how can a response be dominant ?

A

Increased arousal enhances performance on easy tasks for which the most likely—“dominant”—response is correct.

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9
Q

If social arousal facilitates dominant responses, it should boost performance …

A

on easy tasks and hurt performance on difficult tasks.

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10
Q

in the presence of others, students took .. time to learn a simple maze and … to learn a complex one

A

less, more time

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11
Q

why do home teams win 6 in 10 games

A

social arousal

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12
Q

who is home team advanage good for

A

that home field was more of an advantage for good teams than for poor-performing teams.

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13
Q

** they found that British profes- sional soccer teams were more likely to tie their home games if they were poor-performing teams.

A

?

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14
Q

But does the presence of observers always arouse people?

A

no can just be comforting

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15
Q

how does number change audience influence

A

The effect of others’ presence increases with their number

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16
Q

why might an automatic procedure like speaking get hindered

A

Some- times, the arousal and self-conscious attention created by a large audience interferes even with well-learned, auto- matic behaviours, such as speaking.

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17
Q

Being in a crowd also intensifies negative reactions.

A

t or positive

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18
Q

crowding also enhances …

A

arousal

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19
Q

Crowding, then, has a similar effect to being observed by a crowd: what is this effect

A

It enhances arousal, which facilitates dominant responses.

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20
Q

Why Are We Aroused in the Presence of Others?

what are the 3 possible factors

A

evalua- tion apprehension, distraction, and mere presence.

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21
Q

T: surmised that observers make us apprehensive because we wonder how they are evaluating us.

A

evaluative apprehension

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22
Q

how was evauative apprehension tested?

A

examined social facilitation for the pronunciation of nonsense syllables and well-learned, easy-to-pronounce syllables.

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23
Q

The… we feel when being evaluated can also interfere with behaviours that we perform best automatically

A

self-consciousness

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24
Q

T: They theorized that when people wonder how co-actors are doing or how an audience is reacting, they get distracted.

A

driven by distraction

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25
Q

how does the theory that we are aroused by the presence of others explained by the distraction theory

A

This conflict between paying attention to others and paying attention to the task overloads our cognitive system, causing arousal.

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26
Q

. Recall that facilitation effects also occur with non-human creatures, such as cockroaches. which theory can explain this

A

the mere presence of others produces some arousal even without evaluation apprehension or arousing distraction.

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27
Q

Social facilitation theory has definitely generated the first two types of prediction: (1) The basics of the theory (…) have been confirmed, and (2) the theory has brought new life to a long-dormant field of research.

A

that the presence of others is arousing and that this social arousal enhances dominant responses

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28
Q

T: Do Individuals Exert Less Effort in a Group?

A

social loafing

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29
Q

Social facilitation usually occurs when people work toward… goals and when their efforts, whether winding fishing reels or solving math problems, can be … evaluated.

A

individual, individually

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30
Q

did those clapping alone vs social loafing know they were clapping less

A

no

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31
Q

In the group condition, people were tempted to …on the group effort.

A

free-ride

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32
Q

The group situation (rope pulling, shouting, and so forth) decreases evalua- tion apprehension. why?

A

When people are not accountable and cannot evaluate their own efforts, responsibility is diffused across all group members

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33
Q

When …, people self-consciously monitor their behaviour

A

made the centre of attention

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34
Q

So, when being observed increases …concerns, … occurs; when being lost in a crowd decreases evaluation concerns, …occurs

A

evaluation, social facilitation

social loafing

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35
Q

effort decreases as group size…

A

increases

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36
Q

people in collectivist cultures do, exhibit how much social loafing compared to individualist cultures

A

exhibit less social loafing

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37
Q

what is the key difference if someothing will lead to social loafing or facilitation

A

evaluation apprehension (if evaluated then yes apprehension and arousal)

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38
Q

woman social loaf less then men

A

t

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39
Q

another possible explanation of social loafing: When …, regardless of how much one contributes to the group, any individual gets more reward per unit of effort by free-riding on the group.

A

rewards are divided equally

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40
Q

when does a large group not social loaf

A

Sometimes, the goal is so compelling and maximum output from everyone is so essential that team spirit maintains or intensi- fies effort.

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41
Q

who works harder in group situations

A

. When people see others in their group as unreliable or as unable to contribute much, they work harder
But in many situ- ations, so do less capable individuals as they strive to keep up with others’ greater pro- ductivity

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42
Q

Group members will work hard when convinced that high effort will bring …

A

rewards

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43
Q

how do friends influence loafing

A

Groups also loaf less when their members are friends or are identified with or indis- pensable to their group

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44
Q

Even just expecting to interact with someone again serves to how does it influence efforts

A

increase efforts on team projects

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45
Q

When … and …. combine and normal inhibitions diminish, the results may be startling

A

arousal and diffused responsibility

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46
Q

abandon nor- mal restraints, to lose their sense of individual responsibility—:T

A

individuation

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47
Q

how is deindividuation effected when identifiable and will be prosecuted.

A

unaffected

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48
Q

How can we be sure that the effect of crowds means greater anonymity?

A

We can’t.

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49
Q

Asked to deliver electric shocks to a woman, they pressed the shock button twice as long as did women who were visible and wearing large …

A

name tags

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50
Q

how does self esteem effect autonomy

A

high self esteem more likely to hide behind their autonomy

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51
Q

why convertible with the top up honk less

A

more autonomous

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52
Q

cultures with … warriors were also the cultures that brutalized the enemy.

A

depersonalized

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53
Q

being anonymous makes one less … and more responsive to …,

A

self-conscious, cues present in the situation

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54
Q

can the effects of anonomous be positive too?

A

yes nurses

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55
Q

black-uniformed teams consistently ranked near the top of the National…

A

penalties

black = evil

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56
Q

expalin why hazing works on sports team

A

if it is difficult to become a member of the team, you will like it more once you become a member. The more effort we put into something, the more we appreciate it.

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57
Q

Aggressive outbursts by large crowds are often preceded by minor actions that …

A

arouse and divert people’s attention.

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58
Q

Group shouting, chanting, clapping, or dancing serve to both hype people up and reduce …

A

self-consciousness.

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59
Q

There is a self-reinforcing pleasure in doing an impulsive act while observing others doing it also. why?

A

When we see oth- ers act as we are acting, we think they feel as we do, which reinforces our own feelings

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60
Q

impulsive group action absorbs our …

A

attention.

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61
Q

Group experiences that diminish self-consciousness tend to disconnect … from …

A

behaviour from attitudes.

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62
Q

.. is the opposite of deindividuation.

A

Self-awareness

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63
Q

People who are self- aware, or who are temporarily made so, exhibit greater consistency between…

A

their words outside a situation and their deeds in it.

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64
Q

why must we be carful with group decision making

A

Because of the social influences working within them, groups can make poor decisions—decisions that sometimes have devastating consequences.

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65
Q

Studies of people in small groups have produced a principle that helps explain both bad and good outcomes: …

A

Group discussion often strengthens members’ initial inclina- tions.

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66
Q

group decisions are less risky

A

f more

67
Q

T: the group decisions were usually riskier.

A

risky shift phenomenon

68
Q

this effect occurs only when a group decides by consensus

A

f after a brief discussion, individuals, too, will alter their decisions.

69
Q

Does this explain why teenage reckless driving, as measured by death rates, nearly doubles when a 16- or 17-year-old driver has two teenage passengers rather than none

A

yes

70
Q

Later research showed that this group phenomenon was not a con- sistent shift to risk but, rather, …

A

a tendency for group discussion to enhance the individuals’ initial leanings.

71
Q

Discussion typically strengthens the average inclination of group members.:T

A

group polarization

72
Q

groups exacerbate the “…” phenom- enon that has cost many businesses huge sums of money.

A

too much invested to quit

73
Q

They found that the discussions among like-minded students did, indeed, increase the …

A

initial gap between the two groups

74
Q

T: Over time, initial differences among groups of university students become accentuated.

A

accentuation phenomenon”

75
Q

what kind of websites grow faster than other websites, why?

A

terrorist websites—which grew from about a dozen in 1997 to 4700 in 2005—have increased more than four times faster than the total number of websites have= group polarization

76
Q

According to one analysis of terrorists who were members of the Salafi-Jihad, 70 per- cent had joined while living as …

A

expatriates.

77
Q

what is the most effective anti terrorist policy

A

the most effective anti-terrorist policy is one that inhibits potential recruits from joining in the first place.”

78
Q

what are the 2 theories explaining group polarization

A

informational influence, normative influence

79
Q

wht is the Informational influence and group polarization

A

Other ideas men- tioned in discussion may include persuasive arguments that some group members had not previously considered.

80
Q

** But when people hear relevant arguments without learning the specific stands that other people assume, they still shift their positions

A

?

81
Q

Active participation in discussion produces more … than does passive listening.

A

atti- tude change

82
Q

Active participation in discussion produces more … than does passive listening.

A

atti- tude change

83
Q

Even expecting to discuss an issue with an equally expert person holding an opposing view can motivate people to ..

A

marshal their arguments and thus adopt a more extreme position

84
Q

we can change our attitudes without hear- ing an argument at all

A

t Simply knowing that people in a group have an opinion influences ours.

85
Q

what is the

Normative influence and group polarization

A

because we want people to like us, we may express stronger opinions after discovering that others share our views.

86
Q

They don’t realize how strongly others support the socially preferred tendency.:T

A

pluralistic ignorance

87
Q

When we ask people (as we asked you earlier in the Rehtaeh Parsons case) to predict how others would respond to social dilemmas, they typically exhibit …

A

pluralistic ignorance

88
Q

Although the article was incomprehensible, none of the subjects sought help; but they presumed other subjects would not be similarly restrained by fear of embarrassment. They wrongly inferred that people who didn’t seek help didn’t need any. what is this an example of

A

pluralistic ignorance

89
Q

how do we fight pluralistic ignorance

A

someone must break the ice and enable others to reveal and reinforce their shared reactions.

90
Q

When people learn others’ positions—without discussion—will they adjust their responses to maintain a socially favourable posi- tion?

A

When people have made no prior commitment to a particular response, seeing others’ responses does stimulate a small polarization

91
Q

instead of simply conforming to the group average, people often ..

A

go it one better.

92
Q

on “risky” dilemma items, mere exposure to others’ judgments enhanced individuals’ risk-prone tendencies. what about with cautious dillema

A

on “cautious” dilemma items, exposure to others’ judgments enhanced their cautiousness.

93
Q

Discovering that others share one’s feelings (…) unleashes arguments (…) supporting what everyone secretly favours.

A

social comparison, informational influenc

94
Q

T: the tendency of decision-making groups to suppress dissent in the interests of group harmony,

A

groupthink

95
Q

soil from which groupthink sprouts includes an … group; relative isolation of the group from …; and a … who signals what decision he or she favours.

A

amiable, cohesive
dissenting viewpoints
directive leader

96
Q

groupthink symptoms are a collective form of … that surfaces as group members try to maintain the positive group feeling when facing a threat

A

dissonance reduction

97
Q

The first two groupthink symptoms lead group members to overestimate their group’s might and right:
what are they

A

An illusion of invulnerability:

unquestioned beleif in the groups morality

98
Q

Group members assume the inher- ent morality of their group and ignore …

A

ethical and moral issues.

99
Q

what are the 8 symptoms of groupthink

A 
An illusion of invulnerability:
 Unquestioned belief in the group’s morality:
Rationalization:
 Stereotyped view of opponent:
 Conformity pressure:
Self-censorship:
Illusion of unanimity:
 Mindguards
100
Q

what are the 3 ways groups suffer pressure to uniformity

A

Conformity pressure
Self-censorship:
Illusion of unanimity:

101
Q

what are the 3 ways groups suffer pressure to uniformity

A

Conformity pressure
Self-censorship:
Illusion of unanimity:
Mindguards

102
Q

Self-censorship and pressure not to puncture the consensus create an illusion of …

A

unanimity.

103
Q

What is more, the apparent consensus confirms the group’s decision. :T

A

illusion of unanimty

104
Q

What is more, the apparent consensus confirms the group’s decision. :T

A

illusion of unanimty

105
Q

Some members protect the group from information that would call into question the effectiveness or the morality of its deci- sions. :T

A

mindguards

106
Q

Directive leadership is indeed associated with poorer decisions because …

A

subord- inates sometimes feel too weak or insecure to speak up

107
Q

Engaging people who think differently from you can make you feel …; but compared with comfortably homogeneous groups, diverse groups tend to produce …

A

uncomfortable

more ideas and greater creativity.

108
Q

In discussion, information that is shared by group members does tend to dominate and crowd out unshared information, meaning that groups…

A

often do not benefit from all that their members know

109
Q

The norms of a cohesive group can favour either …, which can lead to groupthink, or …, which prevents it

A

consensus

critical analysis

110
Q

preventing groupthink: Be …; do not endorse any position. Don’t start group discussions by having people state their positions; doing so suppresses information sharing and degrades the quality of decisions

A

impartial

111
Q

Encourage …; assign a “devil’s advocate.” Better yet, welcome the input of a genuine critic, which does even more to stimulate original thinking and to open a group to opposing views,

A

critical evaluation

112
Q

Occasionally …, and then reunite to air differences.

A

split the group

113
Q

Welcome … from outside experts and associates.

A

critiques

114
Q

Before implementing a decision, call a “…” meeting to air any lingering doubts.

A

second-chance

115
Q

face-to-face brainstorming generates more cre- ative ideas than do the same people working alone

A

f But contrary to the popular idea that face-to-face brainstorming generates more cre- ative ideas than do the same people working alone, researchers agree it isn’t so

116
Q

people working alone generate more good ideas

A

t

117
Q

Large groups can cause “…”—losing one’s ideas while awaiting a turn to speak

A

production blocking

118
Q

brainstorm- ing is most productive when the brainstormers are admonished “not to criticize”

A

f encour- aging people to debate ideas appears to stimulate ideas and to extend creative thinking beyond the brainstorming session

119
Q

how do groups influence weather forcasting

A

Weather forecasting. “Two forecasters will come up with a forecast that is more accurate than either would have come up with working alone,”

120
Q

how do game shows harness the wisdom of the group

A

Game shows. For a befuddled contestant on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? a valu- able lifeline was to “ask the audience,” which usually offered wisdom superior to the

121
Q

how does the judgement of a group average compare the the judgement of an indivudual

A

This is because the average judgment from a crowd of people typically errs less than does the average judgment by an individual.

122
Q

what does the “crowd within” mean

A

the average of different guesses from the same per- son tends to surpass the person’s individual guesses

123
Q

You can gain about one-tenth as much from … as you can from getting a second opinion from someone else

A

asking yourself the same question twice

124
Q

“You can gain about one-tenth as much from asking yourself the same question twice as you can from getting a second opinion from someone else, how can you capitalize on this even more

A

but if you wait three weeks, the benefit of re-asking yourself the same question rises to one-third the value of a second opinion

125
Q

Iowa Elec- tion Market where people buy and share into who will win the election is less acurate than prevoter polls

A

f mroe

126
Q

The flock is smarter than the bird. is this true for humans

A

yes

127
Q

what are the 2 ways someone becomes a leader

A

Some leaders are formally appointed or elected; others emerge informally as the group interacts.

128
Q

What makes for good leadership often depends on the …

A

situation;

129
Q

Some people excel at ….: organizing work, setting standards, and focusing on goal attain- ment.

A

task leadership

130
Q

Others excel at …: building teamwork, mediating conflicts, and being supportive.

A

social leadership

131
Q

Task leaders often have a …. style—one that can work well if the leader is bright enough to give good orders

A

directive

132
Q

when does a directive leadership style work

A

one that can work well if the leader is bright enough to give good orders

133
Q

Experiments show that the combination of … goals and … helps motivate high achieve- ment

A

specific, challenging,

periodic progress reports

134
Q

what type of person is perceived as dominant leaders =ing success

A

Men that exhibit “masculine” traits—e.g., height, fitness, wide faces—

135
Q

Social leaders often have a … style: one that delegates authority, welcomes input from team members, and, as we have seen, helps prevent groupthink.

A

democratic

136
Q

Women, in general, are more egalitarian than men and are more likely to oppose …

A

hierarchies

137
Q

Democratic leadership can be seen in the move by many businesses toward …, a management style common in Sweden and Japan

A

participative

management

138
Q

what is the “great person” theory of leadership

A

—that all great leaders share certain traits= not true

139
Q

people who dont know what they are doing will enjoy what kind of leadership

A

task

140
Q

T: They are actively concerned with how work is progressing and sensitive to the needs of their subordinates.

A

transactional leader

141
Q

These transactional leaders focus on …

A

getting to know their subor- dinates and listening carefully.

142
Q

T: many effective leaders of laboratory groups, work teams, and large corporations exhibit behaviours that help make a minority view persuasive.

A

transformational leadership

143
Q

transformational leaders engender trust by …

A

consistently sticking to their goals.

144
Q

trnasformational leaders motivate others to identify with and commit themselves to the ….

A

group’s mission

145
Q

Persuasive forces are powerful, but we can resist persuasion by making … and …

A

public com- mitments and by anticipating persuasive appeals.

146
Q

Pressures to conform sometimes overwhelm our better judgment, but …

A

blatant pres- sure can motivate us to assert our individuality and freedom.

147
Q

The groups we create and belong to influence our behaviour; but if we act …, we can sometimes influence the group.

A

consis- tently

148
Q

what are 3 determinants of minority influence

A

consistency, self-confidence, and defection.

149
Q

in the blue green slides study when did people not agree with the majority saying blue slides were green

A

But if the minority wavers, saying “blue” to one-third of the blue slides and “green” to the rest, virtually no one agrees with them

150
Q

how is nonconformity,

especially persistent nonconformity epxerienced

A

, is often painful

151
Q

—a tendency for people with minority views to express them less quickly than people in the majority :T

A

minority slowness effect

152
Q

when people in the majority know that the disagreeing person is factually or morally right they wont dislike them

A

f they may still, unless they change their position, dislike the person

153
Q

why Even when people in the majority know that the disagreeing person is factually or morally right, they may still, unless they change their position, dislike the person

A

People may attribute your dissent to psychological peculiarities

154
Q

persistent minority is influential, even if not popular, why?

A

partly because it soon becomes the focus of debate. Being the centre of conversation allows one to con- tribute a disproportionate number of arguments.

155
Q

what 2 things convey self-confidence.

A

Consistency and persistence

156
Q

matters of fat vs opinion are more easily swayed by confidnece

A

opinion

157
Q

matters of fat vs opinion are more easily swayed by confidnece

A

opinion

158
Q

A persistent minority punctures any illusion of …

A

unanimity.

159
Q

found that a minor- ity person who had defected from the majority was more persuasive than a ….

A

consistent minority voice

160
Q

consistency, self-confidence, and defection only work for the minority

A

f And if consistency, self-confidence, and defections from the other side strengthen the minority, such variables also strengthen a majority.

161
Q

Minorities have less influence than major- ities why

A

simply because they are smaller.

162
Q

majorities are more likely to convert people to accepting their views.

A

f minorities

163
Q

why do minority newcomers have a different effect on a group then lomgtime members

A

Newcomers exert influence through the attention they receive and the group awareness they trigger in the old-timers. Established members feel freer to dissent and to exert leadership.

PSYC 231 (15 decks)

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