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PSYC 231 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

—to connect with others in enduring, close relationships.:T

A

need to belong

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2
Q

Satisfy the need to belong in balance with two other human needs—to feel … and …

A

autonomy and competence

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3
Q

Exclusion hurts longest for …

A

anx- ious people and younger people

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4
Q

ostracisms opposite

A

love

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5
Q

the pain of social rejection is so real that …

A

a pain-relieving Tylenol can reduce hurt feelings

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6
Q

Ostracism is a real pain. And love is a natural painkiller.

A

t

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7
Q

social ostracism evokes a brain response similar to that triggered by physical pain, activating the … and the right …

A 
anterior cingulate (A)
ventral prefrontal cortex (B).
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8
Q

My colleagues in sociology have pointed out that minority groups who feel excluded show many of the same patterns that our laboratory manipulations elicit: high rates of … decreased …., poorer …, more self- destructive acts, short-term focus, and the like.

A

aggression and antisocial behaviour,
willing- ness to cooperate and obey rules
intellectual performance

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9
Q

those that help initiate attrac- tion: …4

A

proximity, physical attractiveness, similarity, and feeling liked.

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10
Q

Even more significant than geographical distance is “….”—how often people’s paths cross.

A

functional distance

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11
Q

Why does proximity breed liking? One factor is …

A

availabil- ity
Anticipation of interaction
MERE EXPOSURE

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12
Q

T: t to all sorts of novel stimuli—nonsense syllables, Chinese cal- ligraphy characters, musical selections, faces—boosts people’s ratings of them.

A

mere exposure effect

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13
Q

when does repertion breed bordom

A

when it continuing without pause or interruption.

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14
Q

You can probably recall immediately liking or disliking something or someone without consciously know- ing why. why

A

emotions are often more instantaneous than thinking. Zajonc’s rather astonishing idea—that emotions are semi-independent of thinking
It is a “hard-wired” phenomenon that predisposes our attractions and attachments and that helped our ancestors categorize things and people as either familiar and safe or unfamiliar and possibly dangerous.

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15
Q

whats mere exposures negative side

A

fear of the. unknown = racism

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16
Q

how does physical attractivness influence woman and men differently

A

attractive wives led to happier husbands, but attractive husbands had less effect on wives’ happiness

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17
Q

woman better recall others appearences

A

t

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18
Q

Do women respond to men’s looks?

A

yes just as important for m and woman

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19
Q

heterosexual people display a positive bias toward attractive job candidates and university applicants of both sexes

A

f — if they are of the other sex

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20
Q

When choosing whom to approach, knowing that the other is free to say yes or no, people usually approach someone whose attractiveness roughly matches their own :T

A

matching phenomenon

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21
Q

Perhaps this research prompts you to think of happy couples who differ in perceived “hotness.” whats going on here

A

In such cases, the less attractive person often has com- pensating qualities.

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22
Q

Men who advertise their …, and women who advertise their …, receive more responses to their ads (

A

.income and education

youth and looks

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23
Q

Does the attractiveness effect spring entirely from sexual attractiveness?

A

no

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24
Q

how do adults respond to attractive children differently

A

they assume they have more redeeming qualities

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25
Q

T: What is beautiful is good. Children learn the stereotype quite early—and one of the ways they learn it is through stories told to them by adults.

A

physical-attractiveness stereotype

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26
Q

o say that attractiveness is important, other things being equal, is not to say that …

A

physical appearance always outranks other qualities

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27
Q

physical appearence has most of its effect on …

A

first impressions

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28
Q

They found that for each additional scale unit of rated attractiveness, people earned, on average, an additional $1988 annually is this more for men or woman

A

men

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29
Q

Is the “beautiful is good” stereotype accurate?

A

physically attractive people do not differ from others in basic personal- ity traits,

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30
Q

what’s crucial to your social skill is not how you look but ..

A

how people treat you and how you feel about yourself—whether you accept yourself, like yourself, feel comfort- able with yourself.

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31
Q

why are attractive people morel liked

A

small average differences between attractive and unattractive people probably result from self-fulfilling prophecies. Attractive people are valued and favoured and so may develop more social self-confidence.

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32
Q

what is attractive

A

Strictly speaking, attractiveness is whatever the people of any given place and time find attractive. This, of course, varies. The beauty standards by which Miss Universe is judged hardly apply to the whole planet.

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33
Q

strong agreement both within and across cultures about who is and who is not attractive,

A

t

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34
Q

universally what is attractive

A

perfectly average = easier for brain to categorize

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35
Q

They assume that beauty signals bio- logically important information: …

A

health, youth, and fertility.

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36
Q

Men with attractive faces have higher-quality sperm.

A

t

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37
Q

men require a modicum of … woman require…, and both welcome …

A

physical attractiveness, women require status and resources

kindness and intelligence.

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38
Q

During …, women show heightened preference for men with masculinized faces, voices, and bodies

A

ovulation

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39
Q

Although our mating psychology has wisdom, attraction is not all hard-wired. What’s attractive to you also depends on your ….

A

comparison standards.

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40
Q

Being sexually aroused makes a person of the other sex seem more attractive.

A

f only temporarily make

41
Q

is attractivness follow yuo for your whole lifespan

A

no a 17-year-old girl’s facial attractiveness is a surprisingly weak predictor of her attractiveness at ages 30 and 50.

42
Q

When an attractive member of the opposite sex threatens people’s relationships, they rate this person as less attractive if …

A

the threat posed by the person matches their level of commitment.

43
Q

Does similarity lead to liking? Or does liking lead to similarity?

A

they found that the more similar someone’s attitudes are to your own, the more you will like the person. Likeness produces liking likeness-leads-to-liking effect

44
Q

T:toward assuming that others share our attitudes.

A

—the false consensus bias—

45
Q

what bias leads dissim leading to dislike

A

false consensus bias

46
Q

“Cultural racism” persists, argued social psychologist James Jones because …

A

cultural differences are a fact of life. and difference = dislike

47
Q

Do opposites attract?

A

Some complementarity may evolve as a relationship progresses (even a relationship between identical twins). Yet people seem slightly more prone to like and to marry those whose needs and personalities are similar

48
Q

… may be one such way complimentary acts (Dryer & Horowitz, 1997). And we tend not to feel attracted to those who show our …

A

Dominance/submissiveness

own worst traits

49
Q

As we’ve seen, flattery will get you somewhere—but not everywhere. when does flattery not work

A

when praise clearly violates what we know is true

50
Q

Our reac- tions depend on our attributions. Do we attribute the flattery to …—to a self- serving strategy?

A

ingratiation

51
Q

who is more liekly to attribute compliments to ingratiation—

A

low self esteem

52
Q

another’s approval is especially rewarding after we have been deprived of approval, much as eating is most powerfully rewarding after fasting.

A

t This helps explain why people sometimes fall passionately in love on the rebound, after an ego-bruising rejection.

53
Q

low-self-esteem individuals believe they will be less accepted than high-self-esteem individuals. These lower expectations of acceptance lead to…

A

low-self-esteem individuals to behave in a less warm and friendly manner, which ultimately leads them to really be less accepted by others

54
Q

If approval that comes after disapproval is powerfully rewarding, then would we most like someone who liked us after initially disliking us? Or would we most like someone who liked us from the start (and, therefore, gave us more total approval)?

A

option 1 Perhaps Sophia’s nice words have more credibility coming after her not-so-nice words. Or, perhaps after being withheld, they are espe- cially gratifying.
constant approval can lose value. W

55
Q

what is the reward theory of attraction:

A

Those who reward us, or whom we associate with rewards, we like. If a relationship gives us more rewards than costs, we will like it and will want it to con- tinue.

56
Q

Those who reward us, or whom we associate with rewards, we like. If a relationship gives us more rewards than costs, we will like it and will want it to con- tinue. :T

A

reward theory of attraction

57
Q

We not only like people who are rewarding to be with, but, also, according to the second version of the reward principle, …

A

we like those we associate with good feelings.

58
Q

how does reward theory explain liking people similar to us

A

If others have similar opinions, we feel rewarded because we presume that they like us in return. Moreover, those who share our views help validate those views. We especially like people if we have successfully converted them to our way of thinking

59
Q

how does social reward theory explain proximity

A

Proximity is rewarding. It costs less time and effort to receive friendship’s benefits with someone who lives or works close by.

60
Q

love as a triangle consisting of three components: …

A

passion, intimacy, and commitment

61
Q

T: (passion + commitment)

A

fatuous love

62
Q

T: “a state of intense longing for union with another”

A

passionate love

63
Q

passionate love is the psychological experience of being …

A

biologically aroused by someone we find attractive.

64
Q

how does the two factor theory of emotion explain passionate love

A

two-factor theory of emotion, developed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer (1962), argue that when the revved-up men responded to a woman, they easily misattributed some of their arousal to her.

65
Q

theories for passionate love?

A

two factor theory of emotion

66
Q

love is just a psychological phenomenon

A

f also biolgical

67
Q

mRI scans from young adults intensely in love revealed areas, such as the …., that became more active when gazing at the loved one’s photo (but not when gazing at the photo of another acquaintance).

A

caudate nucleus

68
Q

mRI scans from young adults intensely in love revealed areas, such as the …., that became more active when gazing at the loved one’s photo (but not when gazing at the photo of another acquaintance).

A

caudate nucleus

69
Q

is passionate love more than lust

A

yes its lust plus attachment

70
Q

2 ways love varries between people?

A

culture and gender

71
Q

do women fall in love more readily

A

no men do

72
Q

who falls out of love more easily

A

women

73
Q

Women are also somewhat more likely than men to focus on the …. Men are more likely than women to think about the… of the relationship

A

intimacy of the friendship and on their concern for their partner
playful and physical aspects

74
Q

The passion-facilitating hormones (testosterone, dopamine, adrenaline) subside, while the hormone oxytocin supports feel- ings of attachment and trust :T

A

companionate love

75
Q

why are arranged marriage partners reporting more love long term

A

Those who married for love reported diminishing feelings of love after a five-year newlywed period. By contrast, those in arranged marriages reported more love if their marriage was five or more years old

76
Q

..Asians are also less prone to the self-focused individu- alism that in the long run can undermine a relationship and lead to divorce

A

Asians are also less prone to the self-focused individu- alism that in the long run can undermine a relationship and lead to divorce

77
Q

What factors influence the ups and downs of our close relationships? Let’s consider three factors: …

A

attachment styles, equity, and self-disclosure.

78
Q

Passionate love is not just for lovers. who else

A

The intense love of parent and infant for each other qualifies as a form of passionate love, even to the point of engaging brain areas akin to those enabling passionate romantic love.

79
Q

2 types of avoidant attachment

A

fearful and dismissing
fearful (“I am uncomfortable getting close to others”) or dismissing (“It is very important to me to feel independent and self-sufficient”)

80
Q

summed up the idea: “Early attachment experiences form the basis for … or characteristic ways of thinking about relationships.”

A

internal working models

81
Q

are the effects of temperment temporary?

A

no

82
Q

Which attachment style combinations are the best—and the worst?

A

best 2 secure worst avodiant and anxious

83
Q

Therefore, our society teaches us to exchange rewards by the … principle of attraction: What you and your partner get out of a relationship should be proportional to what you each put into it

A

equity

84
Q

Don’t we sometimes give in response to a loved one’s need without expecting anything in return? …

A

Indeed, those involved in an equitable, long-term relationship are unconcerned with short-term equity.

85
Q

(Given the … bias—most husbands perceive themselves as contributing more housework than their wives credit them for—the person who is “overbenefited” is less sensitive to the inequity.

A

self-serving

86
Q

… trigger marital distress, which fosters the perception of inequities.

A

Perceived inequities

87
Q

As a relationship grows, … partners reveal more and more of themselves to one another; their knowledge of one another penetrates to deeper and deeper levels.

A

self-disclosing

88
Q

what causes disclosure

A

Disclosure begets dis- closure (

89
Q

T: Disclosure begets dis- closure

A

disclosure reciprocity effect

90
Q

“Rising intimacy will create a strong sense of …

A

passion,

91
Q

“…” listeners—people who are genuine in revealing their own feelings, who are accepting of others’ feelings, and who are empathetic, sensitive, reflec- tive listeners.

A

growth-promoting

92
Q

“….”: intertwined self-concepts

A

self-other integration

93
Q

why do online dating formulas not work

A

The best predictors of relationship suc- cess, such as communication patterns and other indications of compatibility, emerge only after people meet and get to know one another.

94
Q

married couples who met online were less likely to break up and more likely to be satisfied with their marriages

A

t

95
Q

what is the impossible equation of 21rst century relationships

A

argue that marriage has become more challenging in individualistic recent times as couples expect more fulfillment from marriage but invest fewer resources in it—a potentially impossible equation.

96
Q

One national survey found that 86 percent of those who were unhappily married but who stayed with the mar- riage were, when reinterviewed five years later, now mostly …

A

“very” or “quite” happy with their marriages

97
Q

explored three ways of coping with a failing relationship.?

A

loyalty, neglect, voice

98
Q

Would intimate eye gazing similarly stir feelings between those not in love

A

separated, the eye gazers reported a tingle of attraction and affection toward each other. Simulating love had begun to stir it.

99
Q

how does attractivness act differently in lab vs in real likfe

A

In everyday life, however, people tend to choose and marry someone whose attractiveness roughly matches their own (or someone who, if less attractive, has other compensating qualities).

PSYC 231 (15 decks)

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