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PSYC 231 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

We humans are, “first of all beings …, we cannot be distinguished from our situations, for they form us and decide our possibilities”

A

in a situation

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2
Q

can we be distinguished from these situations?

A

no

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3
Q

define social psych

A

science that studies the influences of our sitations with special attention to how we view and affect one another

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4
Q

what is sociology

A

the study of people and groups in societies

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5
Q

social psychology is the study of what 3 things

A

social thinking
social influence and
social relations

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6
Q

persuasion is apart of which of these 3

A

social influence

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7
Q

how we perceive ourselves and others is apart of which of these 3

A

social thinking

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8
Q

prejudice is apart of which of these 3

A

social relations

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9
Q

what we believe is apart of which of these 3

A

social thinking

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10
Q

groups of people is apart of which of these 3

A

social influence

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11
Q

our attitudes is apart of which of these 3

A

social thinking

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12
Q

helping is apart of which of these 3

A

social relations

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13
Q

agression is apart of which of these 3

A

social relations

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14
Q

culture and biology is apart of which of these 3

A

social influence

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15
Q

attraction and intimacy is apart of which of these 3

A

social relations

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16
Q

judgments we make is apart of which of these 3

A

social thinking

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17
Q

if social psyc is more concerned with indivuduals how does it differ from personality psyc

A

more on how they affect one another then differences between them

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18
Q

our social behaviour varies not just with the objective situation but with how we ….

A

interpret it

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19
Q

Unhappily married people will attribute the same remark to a mean disposi- tion (“Wow, that’s hostile!”) is an example of how social beliefs can be…

A

self fulfilling

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20
Q

what could be a cultural context that could effect someone being helpful or greedy?

A

do smaller towns breed greater helpfulness?

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21
Q

At a broad level, the fundamental principles of social psychology can be captured by a classic statement by one of its founders, Kurt Lewin, who said, …

A

“behaviour is a func- tion of the person and the situation”

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22
Q

why do humans have the urge to explain behavior

A

to make it seem orderly predictavleand controllable since it has a cause

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23
Q

when do we attribute someones behavior to their personality?

A

when it is distinct and consistent

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24
Q

our intuitions shape what 3 things

A

our fears, impressions, relationships

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25
Q

how do happily vs unhappily married people interpret this statement “can you please put that where it belongs?”

A

happy: having a bad day
unhappy: that was hostile= counteratack

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26
Q

Our intuitions shape our … (Is flying dangerous?), …. (Can I trust him?), and …. (Does she like me?)

A

fears, impressions, relationships

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27
Q

what are the 3 major themes in social psych

A

social thinking, social relations and social influences

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28
Q

figure 1-2 Page 5

A

go over

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29
Q

what do we call the 2 levels of thinking that go on (concious and unconcious)

A

dual processing

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30
Q

we know more than we know we know supports what theory

A

dual processing

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31
Q

what does it mean to say intuitions are perlious

A

we mispercieve others and ourselves because we trust our memories more than we should

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32
Q

our social intutions are … and often …

A

powerful, perlious

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33
Q

why do we often uncritically believe what we are told

A

our desire to be apart of a group and self preservation

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34
Q

what is the goal of social psychologists

A

alerting us of our pitfalls and reminding us of our talents to strengthen our thinking

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35
Q

how much time do most uni students spend talking in a day

A

30%

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36
Q

what can explain why people acted the way they did in Nazi Germany

A

the power of the social situation leads us to act in ways that go against our previous attitudes

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37
Q

your culture helps define your…

A

situation

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38
Q

what does it mean to say people are malleable

A

they adapt to their social contexts and our behaviour is shaped by external forces

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39
Q

do internal forces even matter?

A

yes personal attitudes and dispositions shape behaviour

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40
Q

give an example of how personal attitudes shape behaviour

A

Our attitudes toward smoking influence our susceptibility to peer pressures to smoke. Our attitudes toward poor people influence our willingness to support them.

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41
Q

how do personality dispositions effect behaviour

A

different people react differently to the same situation

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42
Q

what kind of acts inflict the pain of feeling discluded

A

acts of aggression or prejudice

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43
Q

what forms our self esteem

A

our relationships with others and how accepted we feel

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44
Q

What is the meaning of human life? What should be our purpose? What is our ultimate destiny? how does social psychology address these ultimate questions

A

they don’t but it is all about life

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45
Q

Social psychology is less a collection of findings than a …

A

set of strategies for answering questions.

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46
Q

social psychology reflects social…

A

history

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47
Q

values differ not only across time but also across…

A

cultures

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48
Q

Europe has given us a major theory of…

A

social identity

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49
Q

what do North American social psychologists focus on

A

how one person thinks about others, relates to them and influences them

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50
Q

what are the obvious ways values enter social psych

A

research topics
types of people attracted to Dif disciplines
during analysis

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51
Q

t or f science is purely objective

A

f

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52
Q

why might the assumptions of psychologists go unchallenged

A

because they may hold a common viewpoint or come from the same culture as others in their field

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53
Q

T: our most important but often our most unexamined convictions

A

social representations

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54
Q

What’s crucial for our behaviour is less the situation-as-it-is than the situation-…..

A

as-we-construe-it

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55
Q

stating someone as mentally healthy or ill is a value judgement t or f

A

t

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56
Q

give an example of how a label can represent a value judgement

A

defensivness or high self esteem?

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57
Q

what are 3 examples of how hidden values influence psychological concepts

A

how we form concepts
labelling
naturalistic fallacy

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58
Q

value judgements are often hidden in…

A

language

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59
Q

A seductive error for those who work in the social sciences is sliding from a description of … into a prescription of …

A

what is

what ought to be.

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60
Q

what is this area between is and ought ot be called

A

naturalistic fallacy

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61
Q

t or f it is natural and inevitable that prior beliefs and values will influence what social psychologists think and write

A

t

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62
Q

Should we dismiss science because it has its subjective side?

A

no because we need researchers with dif biases to undertake scientific analysis

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63
Q

what helps us clean the lens through which we see reality

A

systematic observation and experimentation

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64
Q

what are the 2 major criticisms of social psych

A

it is trivial because its conclusions are obvious

it is dangerous because its findings could be used to manipulate people

65
Q

“Life is lived forwards, but under- stood backwards.”

what principle of behavior does this support

A

hindsight bias

66
Q

how good are humans at finding the causes for our failures

A

bad expecially in academic contexts

67
Q

what happens when we try to identifythe causes of our failures

A

inhibits later performance

68
Q

is common sense usually wrong

A

not necessarily it is just usually right after the fact

69
Q

How does social psychology try to accomplish its goals?

A

social psychologists propose theories that
organize their observations and imply testable hypotheses and practical predictions. To test a hypothesis, social psychologists may do research that predicts behaviour using correlational studies, often conducted in natural settings. Or they may seek to explain behaviour by conducting experiments
Research Methods: How Do We Do Social Psychology?
How does social psychology try to accomplish its goals?
We have considered some of the intriguing questions that social psychology seeks to answer. We have also seen the ways in which subjective, often unconscious, processes influence the work that social psychologists do. Now let’s consider the sci-
Marcus Aurelius, Meditations that manipulate one or more factors under controlled conditions. Once they have conducted a research study, they explore ways to apply their findings
to improve people’s lives.

70
Q

is an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events.

A

theory

71
Q

what are facts

A

agreed upon statements that we observe

72
Q

theories are ideas that ….. facts

A

summarize and explain

73
Q

Theories not only summarize; they also imply testable predictions, called …

A

hypotheses

74
Q

what are 4 purposes of hypthoses

A

to test the theory on which they are based
predictions give direction to research
suggest new areas for research
predictive nature of theories can make them practical

75
Q

When testing our theories with specific hypotheses, we must always translate variables that are described at the theoretical level into …

A

the specific variables that we are going to observe.

76
Q

what is the process of tranforming theories described at the theoretical level to variables we can observe called?

A

operationalization

77
Q

Does our operational variable of crowd represent what we mean theoretically by a crowd? The answer to that question determines whether our operational variable is a … measure of our theoretical variable.

A

valid

78
Q

what happens if it isnt valid?

A

the research wont tell us much about our theory

79
Q

we would also need to believe that by using this measure, differences in violence could emerge and we would get basically the same results if we did the study over again. what is this called

A

reliabilty

80
Q

what does a good operationalization look like

A

A good operationalization captures the essence of the theoretical con- cept—that is, it is valid—and it does so sensitively and consistently—that is, reliably—so that tests of the theory can be observed.

81
Q

what does a good theory do

A

it effectively summerizes many observations and makes clear predictions

82
Q

what 3 things can we use these clear predictions for

A

Confirm or modify the theory. • Generate new exploration. • Suggest practical applications.

83
Q

we discard old theories mostly because they are proven false

A

f replaced by better theories

84
Q

what kind of research detects natural associations

A

correlational

85
Q

what are the 2 ways research can differ

A

location and method

86
Q

what are 2 dif locations

A

feild research or lab research

87
Q

2 dif methods

A

correlational or experimental

88
Q

what is the strength in correlation research

A

it happens in real world situations and we can examine factors like race and social status that cannot be manipulated in the lab

89
Q

what is correlational researches disadvantage

A

the ambiguity of its results

90
Q

what is longitudinal research

A

correlational research extended over time

91
Q

intelligence and family status in the chicken egg question about achievmeent and self esteem are…

A

confounding variables

92
Q

…. correlations reveal the sequence of events (for example, by indicat- ing whether changed achievement more often precedes or follows changed self-esteem).

A

Time-lagged

93
Q

How do we measure such variables in the population?

A

surveying random samples of people

94
Q

how do we measure variables like self esteem in the public

A

survey research

95
Q

how do survey researchers obtain a representative sample

A

random sample

96
Q

whether we survey people in a city or in a whole country, _____ randomly selected participants will enable us to be 95 percent confident of describ- ing the entire population with an error margin of __ percentage points or less

A

1200, 3

97
Q

literary polls predict voting

A

no they only describe the public opinion

98
Q

what 4 potentially biasinig influences may exist in surveying

A

the wording of the questions, the response options, the order of the questions and unrepresentative samples

99
Q

asked English voters what percentage of Britain’s energy they wished came from nuclear power, the average preference was 41 percent. They asked oth- ers what percentage they wished came from (1) nuclear, (2 coal or 3) other sources : what is this an e.g. of

A

response options

100
Q

Questions about prejudice often show very low lev- els of reported prejudice by the respondents. Yet systematic experiments demonstrate that prejudice is all too common. Why the difference in findings?

A

people may not want to admit to a researcher or even themselves that they hold prejudices

101
Q

what is this tendency for people to say what they think others want ot hear called

A

social desirability

102
Q

how do social psychologists counteract socail desirability

A

implicit measures to sneakily test true beleifs

103
Q

does the wording of questions effect everyone equally?

A

no moreso the less knowledgable people: knowledgable people unaffected

104
Q

how do social psychologists discern cause and effect?

A

creating lab experiements

105
Q

what are the one or two factors that experimenters vary called

A

independant variables

106
Q

what was the independant variable in the obese discrimination study

A

if they were shown a pic of a normal or obese woman

107
Q

in the TV agression study what was the dependant variable

A

the observed agressive acts

108
Q

what are the 2 essential ingredients in social psychological experiments

A

control (only manipulate one or 2 variables ) and random assignment

109
Q

how is random assignment helpful to research

A

it accounts for all the uncontrolled for factors (everyone has an equal chance of being exposed to the independant variable)

110
Q

give an example of a quality that would be accounted for by random assignment

A

highly intelligent people are equally likely in both groups

111
Q

review table 1-1 (last self esteem one?)

A

?

112
Q

what are the 2 types of research methods

A

correlational and experimental

113
Q

what is the advantage and disadvantage of correlational research

A

adv: uses real world settings
dis: ambiguous causation

114
Q

advantage and dis of experimental research?

A

adv: causal through random assignment and controlling variables
dis: some variables cant be controlled for

115
Q

whats the dif between random assignment and random sampling

A

random sampling used in surveys (generalize) random assignment used in exp (cause and effect)

116
Q

what research methods are used if it is unethical to assign people to a certain variable

A

observational research methods

117
Q

do experiements or observational studies use statiscial analysis

A

observational to make inferences about cause and effect

118
Q

when do social psychologists enter the ethical grey area

A

when channeling intense thoughts or emotions

119
Q

laboratory behaviour (for example, delivering electric shocks as part of an experiment on aggression) need not be literally the same as everyday behaviour. :T

A

mundane realism

120
Q

what kind of realism do we want experiemnts to have?

A

experimental realism: absorb and involve the participants = true psych proccesses

121
Q

half of social psych experiments involve deception t or f

A

f 1 third

122
Q

cues by experimenters that seem to “demand” certain behaviour :T

A

demand characteristics

123
Q

how do social psychs avoid demand characteristics

A

use comp to present instructions

124
Q

ethics rules:
Tell potential participants enough about the experiment to enable their ….
• Be …. Use deception only if essential and justified by a significant purpose and if there is no alternative.
• Protect people from ….
• Treat information about the individual participants ….
• … participants. Fully explain the experiment afterward, including any deception.

A 
informed consent.
truthful
harm and significant discomfort
confidentially
Debrief
125
Q

what is the excpetion to debreifing participants

A

The only exception to this rule is when the feedback would be distressing, such as by making participants realize they have been stupid or cruel.

126
Q

how can the feild of social psych make fraud more difficult

A

Among the practices that are gaining wider adoption are making the data from one’s experiments publicly available, providing fuller reports of the methods used in experiments, and carefully describing the statistical tests used to test hypotheses.

127
Q

why do we need to be cautious about generalizing from lab to life (2)

A

it is a simplified and controlled reality: all other things but X (independant variable) are never equal in real life
uni students are not a random sample of the population

128
Q

what is social psych

A

scientific study of how people think about relate and influence one another

129
Q 
Principles of social psych: 
We construct our ...
 • our social intuitions are often ..... 
• Social influences shape our ....
• .... also shape behaviour. 
• Social behaviour is .... rooted. 
• .... to others is a basic need. 
• Social psychology’s principles are applicable in .....
A 
social reality.
powerful but sometimes perilous (risky)
behaviour
Personal attitudes and dispositions
biologically
relating
everyday life
130
Q

what are the sublte ways values influence social psychologists

A

they also do this in subtler ways, such as their hidden assumptions when forming concepts, choosing labels, and giving advice.

131
Q

Social psychologists organize their ideas and findings into ….

A

theories

132
Q

what are the 2 problematic interpretations psychology faces

A

findings seem obvious after the fact

fidnings seem to apply to others not to self

133
Q

T: findings seem obvious after the fact

A

hindsight bias

134
Q

why do we assume other people are that ignorant/ impulsive/ prejudiced but not ourselves?

A

to protect our self esteem (bias to perceiving self positively and these theories can threaten self concept)

135
Q

how can social position be a barrier to understanding social psychology

A

some groups of people have advantages relative to other groups of people

136
Q

some groups have better access to resources and benifits in society: what are 5 possible barriers here

A

wealth, edu, voice in society, freedom from violence, social acceptance

137
Q

wealth, edu, voice in society, freedom from violence, social acceptance how do these things effect peopel

A

effect the experiences we have thus how we construct our social reality (how we make sense of social psych)

138
Q

what groups are excluded from having access to these advantages

A

marginalized or stigmatized groups

139
Q

the axes of status and power influences our experiences. what are 9 dimensions on the axes of status and pwoer

A 
gender 
sexuality
race
ethnicity
nationality 
health
body size
neurotype
ability/disability
140
Q

what theory combines the identites on the axes of power to understand our personal experience

A

intersectionality theory

141
Q

what is intersectionality theory

A

our identites intersect to create unique experiences of marginalization and privilege

142
Q

intersectionality theory looks at individual identites t or f

A

f looks at how they work together

143
Q

for the dimensions of sexism and racism according to intersectionality theory what is the effect

A

sexism is racialized and racism is sexualized

144
Q

T: sexism is racialized and racism is sexualized

A

misogynoir

145
Q

how many black woman experience sexism differently

A

their eperience of sexism would be colored by black discrimination

146
Q

what part of the comentary against serena williams racialized and what paet is sexualized

A

sexualized is the focus on her body

racism is the dehumanization by comparing her to an animal

147
Q

most qualities that afford privillege are…

A

unearned

148
Q

how do privilledged people think about privilege: give an e.g.

A

they are afforded the luxury of not having to think about privilege “i dont see race” you dont have to!

149
Q

the luxury of not having to think about privilege has what effect on their thinking

A

causes them to dismiss or not listen to the voices of the stigmitized or opressed groups because it doesnt effect them so they dont see it existing in their every day

150
Q

the comment “all lives matter” has what effect

A

shuts down experiences of marginalization

151
Q

what does it mean to put on our critical thinking hats in this class

A

dont just react to the things we are learning , think about what automatic responses might mean about your past

152
Q

when you feel like rejecting something we talk about in class what 3 things should you ask yourself first

A

could one or more of my identties be causing my reaction?
am i listening to marginalized or stigmatied groups
am i feeling anxious or threatened because this perpective changes my existing norms or status quo?

153
Q

T: theory about why we reject things that go against our norms

A

system justification theory

154
Q

T: Need for order and stability, and thus resistance to change or alternatives, for example, can be a motivator for individuals to see the status quo as good, legitimate, and even desirable.

A

system justification theory

155
Q

each of our persepctives is shaped by our unique …… worldview

A

sociocultural

156
Q

what is your sociocultural worldview kate?

A

white, woman, single, bisexual, daughter ect

157
Q

what is the sociocultural worldview of psychologcial research

A

western white high SES

158
Q

how are we avoiding adhering to the sociocultural worldview of psychologcial research

A

learning things that apply across genders, cutures ect.

159
Q

whats the difference between social psych and sociology? what is the unit of analysis for each?

A

the person for social and the context for sociolgy

PSYC 231 (15 decks)

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