Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is the spotlight effect?
overestimating the extent to which others are thinking about us
how does the spotlight effect relate to the illusion of transparency?
We feel especially transparent when we feel self-conscious and worry about being evaluated negatively by others because we are keenly aware of our own emotions
what study explored the spotlight effect
student in swanky shirt thought everyone would remember what it said
informing speakers their nervousness isnt very obvious and the illusion of transparency had what effect
those informed felt better about their speech and observers rated them better
did the control or the reassured condition do better
control (very simillar)
what is the lesson for when we feel nervous
when you feel nervous about looking nervous chancesare others arent noticing
The spotlight effect and the related illusion of transparency are but two of many examples of the interplay between our … and ….
sense of self and our social worlds.
how do social surroundings effect our self awarness
when we are the only one of our kind in a setting we feel it sticks out like a sore thumb like being the only canadian when travelling vs when we are at home
… colors our social judgment: what does this look like in relationships
self interest: quick to place more blame on partner
self concern motivates our social behaviour, how does this change how we act
we also monitor others’ behaviour and expectations and adjust our behaviour accordingly to make a good impression
we know that social relationships define the self. how is this impacted then when relationships change
when relationships change so can our self concepts = one reason breakups can be so emotionally distressing
the traffic between self and society runs both ways. explain this
Our ideas and feelings about ourselves affect how we respond to others. And others help shape our sense of self.
Who am I? :T
self concept
T: my sense of self worth
self esteem
T: how can i explain and predit myslef
self knowledge
my roles as a student, family member ect :T
social self
what topic in psychology is most studied today
the self
if the self is largely unconcious can it help us with long term goals planning and restraint
yes
what hemispher ere plays a large role in the self: making you unable to recognize yourself if put to sleep
R
a neuron path located in the cleft between your brain hemispheres just behind your eyes, seemingly helps stitch together your sense of self. :T
medial prefrontal cortex
what brain area is more active when you think about yourself
medial prefrontal
T: the specific beliefs by which you define yourself
self schemas
mental templates by which we organize our worlds:T
schema
our self schemas influence how we percieve not only oursleves but others t or f
t
How do we decide if we are rich, smart, or short?
social comparisions
when are people inspired vs demoralized by role models
if they can attain it= inspired
if not demoralized
how does social comparison effect us when entering university
we were high achievers in high school and here we are average so we evaluate ourselves as less intelligent
Sometimes social comparison is based on incomplete information. give an e.g.
how can social comparison diminish our achievements
we now compare to a higher group and raise the standards through which we evaluate ourselves
when facing competition how do we protect a shaky self concept
perceive the competition as advantaged
what groups are at risk of “disidentifying” and whats this process
minority groups who feel threatened by low expectations we incorporate the stereotype into our self concept
T: our self-concept is not how others actually see us but the way we imagine they see us.
looking glass self
why does appraisal often lead to overestimating our looks etc (inflated self images)
more likely to only hear compliments not criticisms
what culture is more likely to define self with personality traits
western
ones identity remains family constant t or f
t
what is the self asian cultures value called
interdependent self
interdependent self are more self critical t or. f
t
how does individualism vary within a country
across a countries regions and political views
! Conservatives tend to be economic individualists (“Don’t tax or regulate me”) and moral collectivists (“Legislate against immorality”). Liberals tend to be economic collectivists (supporting universal health care) and moral individualists (“Let people choose for themselves”)
!
how can we study growing individualism within cultures
pronoun use in books, articles, songs etc
how can names show individualism
less likely to give common names
AUS, European and US countries are more likely to use weird names to help kids stand out t or f
f not European
when looking at facial features of a child in a group of children to determine mood how did Japan vs US participants differ
Japan took all faces into account
so what is the difference between collectivist thinking
they think holistically: thinking about the relationships between people and those around them as well as enviro
what does it mean that collectivist cultures integrate between self and others more
relate their self in relation to their bonds with others (many selves embedding in Dif social relationships)
In collectivist cultures, self-esteem is … (context-specific) rather than … (enduring across situations).
malleable, stable
when will westerner vs collectivist people feel more threatened self
If a Westerner’s personal identity is threatened, she’ll feel angrier and sadder than when her collective identity is threatened
why do Japanese compared to Americans persist more on tasks they are failing at
success elevates self esteem so avoid threatening situations
when do Americans vs Japanese make conparisons
us to boost self
Japan for self improvement (against those better)
how does conflict in a collectivist vs individualistic culture differ
collectivist = between groups
vs between individuals (divorce, crime)
immigrants t Canada from collectivist cultures experience what effect to their self esteem
higher levels and more more likely to become individualistic
which one is the developing world
collectivist
individualistic vs collectivist Disapprove of…
Conformity in
Egotism col
which culture has more choice
individualistic
“There is one thing, and only one in the whole universe which we know more about than we could learn from external observation,” what is it
self
why are outside observers better at predicting our performance
rely on past performance rather than hopes
One of the most common errors in behaviour prediction is underestimating how long it will take to …. what is this fallacy called
complete a task (called the planning fallacy)
how can you improve your self-predictions?
The best way is to be more realistic about how long tasks took in the past. and think of it in more detail
“He who knows others is learned. He who knows himself is enlightened”— then most people, it would seem, are more …
learned than enlightened.
do we always mispredict our responses, feelings and behaviours
no sometimes they are accurate
“affective forecasting” reveal that people have the greatest difficulty predicting the … and … of their future emotions
intensity and the duration
What influences how sad people feel after natural disasters?
we expect it will be the number of people killed but it is Seeing pictures of victims. Poignant images on TV have a great deal of influ- ence on us after disasters.
People underestimate how much their well-being would be affected by both bad and good events or oe or the other?
we overestimate both
we think: We want; we get; we are happy. what is the reality
we often miswank
—overestimating the enduring impact of emotion- causing events.:T
impact bias
why might people see tarot card readers`
Predicting behaviour, even one’s own, is no easy matter,
your happiness after a awful event would be influenced by what 2 things
the event and everything else (we focus on the event)
we often neglect the speed and power of… when predicting how negative events will effect us
coping mechanisms
what events are more distressing than we expect, why?
minor irritations because they aren’t enough to activate our coping mechanisms
when will our predictions be accurate
When the causes of our behaviour are conspicuous and the correct explanation fits our intuition, our self-perceptions will be accurate
Overall, the correlation between predicted feedings and actual feelings is …—
0.28
we are more aware of the … of our thinking than of the …
results, process
when the causes of our behavior are obvious to an observer we are usually blind to it t or f
f usually obvious to us as well
alalysing why we feel the way we do can make our judgments less accurate to r f
t
attitude reports became useless, if the participants were first asked to analyze their feelings. explain how this applied to couples
dating couples’ current happiness with their relationship accurately predicted whether they would still be dating several months later. But participants who first listed all the reasons they could think of why their relationship was good or bad before rating their happiness were misled—their happiness ratings were useless in predicting the future of the relationship!
the results about overthinking relationships is confirming that we have what kind of attitudes
dual attitudes
what are the 2 parts of dual attitudes
Our automatic, implicit attitudes regarding someone or something often differ from our consciously controlled, explicit attitudes
which attitudes change more slowly
implicit
