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PSYC 231 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

selfishness in reverse.:T

A

alturism

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2
Q

T : does not contend that we consciously monitor costs and rewards, only that such considerations predict our behaviour.
(—minimize costs, maximize rewards.)

A

social exchange theory

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3
Q

We credit people for their good deeds, said Skinner, only when …. We attribute their behaviour to their inner dispositions only when ….

A

we can’t explain them

we lack external explanations

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4
Q

what is social exchange theories weakness

A

It easily degenerates into explaining-by-naming (circular reasoning)

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5
Q

T: —the idea that self-interest motivates all behaviour—

A

egoism

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6
Q

To escape the circularity, we must define the rewards and costs ….

A

independently of the helping behaviour.

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7
Q

how does arousal influence helping

A

the most arousal in response to another’s distress also gave the most help to the person.

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8
Q

Our eagerness to do good after doing bad reflects both our need to … and ….

A

reduce private guilt and to restore our shaken self-image and our desire to reclaim a positive public image

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9
Q

guilt leads to good

A

t

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10
Q

when an adult is in a…, a helpful deed (or any other mood- improving experience) helps neutralize the bad feelings.

A

guilty, sad, or otherwise negative mood

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11
Q

Among well-socialized adults, should we always expect to find the “feel bad–do good” phe- nomenon?

A

no not with anger or depression or grief

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12
Q

The experiment focused some subjects’ attention on their own worry and grief, while for others, it focused their attention on the friend. When immediately thereafter the subjects were given a chance to anonymously help a graduate student with her research, how did either party respond

A

25 percent of those whose attention had been self-focused helped. Of those whose attention was other-focused, 83 percent helped.

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13
Q

the feel bad–do good effect occurs with people whose attention is on …., people for whom prosocial behaviour is, therefore, …

A

others, rewarding

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14
Q

why does a good mood lead to helping

A

A positive mood is, in turn,
conducive to positive thoughts and positive self-esteem, which predispose us to positive behaviour
—people are more likely to have positive thoughts and to have positive associations with being helpful.

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15
Q

T:
Often, we help others not because we have consciously calculated that such behaviour is in our self-interest but simply because something tells us we ought to.

A

social norms

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16
Q

what are the two social norms that motivate prosocial behaviour: …

A

(1) the reciprocity norm and (2) the social-responsibility norm.

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17
Q

T: To those who help us, we should return help, not harm

A

recriprocity norm

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18
Q

when does money lead to hapiness

A

When people make more money, on average, this only has a small effect on their happiness; but if they spend money on others— regardless of how much they make—they tend to be a lot happier.

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19
Q

When people make more money, on average, this only has a small effect on their happiness; but if they spend money on others— regardless of how much they make—they tend to be a lot happier.
what does this tell us about internal and external rewards

A

this line of research is a dramatic example of how the internal rewards for helping others can have a larger impact on happiness than even a powerful external reward like money.

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20
Q

Reciprocity within social networks helps define the “…”—the supportive connections, information flow, trust, and cooperative actions—that keeps a community healthy.

A

social capital

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21
Q

give an e.g. of the social captial in action

A

Neighbours keeping an eye on each other’s homes is social capital in action.

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22
Q

when does the reciprocity norm work best

A

when operates most effectively as people respond publicly to deeds earlier done to them.

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23
Q

When people cannot reciprocate, they may feel … by accepting aid.

A

threatened and demeaned

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24
Q

why are proud, high-self-esteem people are often reluctant to seek help

A

When people cannot reciprocate, they may feel threatened and demeaned by accepting aid.

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25
Q

Receiving unsolicited help do what to self esteem

A

can take one’s self-esteem down a notch

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26
Q

why are asians more likely to refuse a gift from a casual acquaintance to avoid the felt need to reciprocate

A

Asians, for whom social ties and the reciprocity norm are stronger than for North Americans,

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27
Q

With people who clearly are dependent and unable to reciprocate, such as children, the severely impoverished, and those with disabilities, another social norm motivates our helping. what is it

A

the social resppnsiblity norm

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28
Q

the belief that people should help those who need help, without regard to future exchanges:T

A

the social resppnsiblity norm

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29
Q

in western countires and especially for conservatives the beleif is that Give people what they deserve. what does this mean to helping

A

If they are victims of circumstance, such as a natural disaster, then by all means be compassionate If they seem to have created their own problems (through laziness, immorality, or lack of foresight, for example), then the norm suggests they don’t deserve help.

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30
Q

helping responses for westerners are

closely tied to ….

A

attributions

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31
Q

whether your attributions evoke …., which in turn motivates helping.

A

sym- pathy

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32
Q

why do woman recieve more help than men

A

perception of someone else’s need strongly determines your willingness to help, will women, if perceived as less competent and more dependent,

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33
Q

everyone offers more help to females

A

f

Women offered help equally to males and females, whereas men offered more help when the strangers in need were females.

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34
Q

woman seek more help why

A

gender dif in independence versus interdependence.

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35
Q

why does evolutionary psych not beleive in true alturism

A

Genes that predispose individuals to self-sacrifice in the interests of strangers’ welfare would not survive in the evolutionary competition.

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36
Q

4 ways evolutionary psych says we overcome selfishness?

A

kin selection
direct reciprocity
indirect reciprocity
group selection

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37
Q

T: If you carry my genes, I’ll favour you.

A

kin selection

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38
Q

T: Back-scratching groups survive.

A

group selction

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39
Q

I’ll scratch your back, you scratch someone’s, and someone will scratch mine.
:T

A

indirect reciprocity

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40
Q

You scratch my back, and I’ll scratch yours:T

A

direct reciprocity

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41
Q

Genetic egoism (at the biological level) fosters … (at the psychological level).

A

parental altruism

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42
Q

T: —favouritism toward those who share our genes—

A

kin selection

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43
Q

why are identical twins more mutually supporitve

A

we calculate genetic relatedness before helping

44
Q

nature (as well as …) programs us to care about close relatives.

A

culture

45
Q

Are we, therefore, bio- logically biased to be more helpful to those who look similar to us and to those who live near us?

A

We feel more empathy for a dis- tressed or tortured person in our in-group

46
Q

when does reciprocity work best

A

small isolated groups

47
Q

how do small towns compare to big citities for reciprocity

A

Small schools, towns, churches, work teams, and dorms are all conducive to a community spirit in which people care for each other.

48
Q

What caused Mother Teresa to act as she did? What causes soldiers to throw themselves on grenades? One answer is …: When groups are in competition, groups of mutually supportive altruists outlast groups of non-altruists

A

group selection

49
Q

alturism goes against our innate self interest, how and why

A

Human societies evolved ethical and religious rules that serve as brakes on the biological bias toward self-interest.

50
Q

what are the 3 alturism theories

A

social norm, social exchange, evolutionary

51
Q

what level of expalnation does each of these 3 theories operate on?

A

evolutoinaty= biolgical
social norm= socialogical
social excahnge= psycholgical

52
Q

how does social norms explain mutual and intrinsic alturism

A 
mutual= recirprocity norm
intrinsic= social responsibility norm
53
Q

how does evoultionary theory explain mutual and intrinsic alturism

A 
mutual= reciprocity
intrinsic= kin selection
54
Q

how does social exchange explain intrinsic and mutual alturism

A 
intrinsic= external reward for helping 
mutual= internal reward for helping releives distress
55
Q

what are the 2 routes to helping?

A

egotisitc and alturistic

56
Q

what is the emotion driving both routes

A 
egotisitic= distress
alturistic= empathy
57
Q

what do alturistic researchers agree and disagree on?

A 
agree= distress causes alt behaviour 
disagree= if thre is such thing as a empathy driven alt
58
Q

what is the motive for each route

A 
egotistic= reduce own distress
alt= reduce others distress
59
Q

what behaviour does each route result in?

A

helping (but more liekly if empathy)

60
Q

What circumstances prompt people to help or not to help?

A

number of bystanders: noticing, interpreting, assuming responsiblity

61
Q

what are the 4 stages to helping?

A

noticng the event, interpreting as emergency, assuming responsiblity, helping

62
Q

T: a tendency to overestimate others’ ability to “read” our internal states.

A

illusion of transparency

63
Q

T: —the assumption that others are thinking and feeling what we are.

A

pluralistic ignorance

64
Q

how does pluralistic ingmorance play into bystander effect

A

Thus, in emergencies, each person may think “I’m very concerned,” but perceive others as not looking alarmed—“so maybe it’s not an emergency.”

65
Q

during which phase of this 4 step process does the bystander effect occur

A

assuming responsiblity

66
Q

victim carried a bottle and smelled of liquor, he was often promptly offered aid—aid that was especially prompt when several male bystanders were close by. Why?

A

ambiguous situation

or passers provided a sense of security to the helper

67
Q

When the emergencies were very clear, how did the bystander effect act

A

those in groups were only slightly less likely to help than were those who were alone. when ambiguous much less likely then if in group

68
Q

why less helping in big cities

A

rarely alone in public and compassion fatigue and sensory overload with so many needy people
dont know bystanders, no need to impress

69
Q

does helping differ around the world

A

People in economically advanced countries tended to offer less help to strangers, and those in cultures marked by amiable and agreeable simpatia (in Spanish) or simpatico (in Portuguese) were more helpful.

70
Q

most helpful 3 countries

A

brazil, austria and denmark then china

71
Q

… models do promote prosocial behaviour.

A

Prosocial

72
Q

how does time influence our helping

A

we are more likely to help when we are only being pulled in one direction: toward the help= context not conviction

73
Q

what are 2 other internal factors that infleunce helping

A

time, similarity to the victim

74
Q

We have considered internal influences on the decision to help (such as …2) and external influences as well (such as …4). We also need to consider the helper’s … and …

A

guilt and mood
social norms, number of bystanders, time pressure, and similarity to the victim
personality and gender.

75
Q

Attitude and trait measures are never predictive of alutrism

A

when avergaed over time yes

76
Q

what are the 3 ways eprsonality influences behaviour

A

how they respond to a challenge, helpfullness and how they react to sitautions

77
Q

who is most likely to be helpful what traits

A

Those high in emotionality, empathy, and self-efficacy are most likely to be concerned and helpful

78
Q

how do gender norms act in unsafe situations

A

In this natural experiment, time enabled prosocial behaviour and the activation of gender norms.

79
Q

how do gender norms act in safer situations

A

women more likey

80
Q

Would gender norms—“women and children first”—more likely come into play in situations when people have time to reflect on social norms (as opposed to acting instinc- tively, on impulse)?

A

time enabled prosocial behaviour and the activation of gender norms.

81
Q

do gender norms influence alt behaviour

A

depends on situation

82
Q

In each, supermarket or bookstore shoppers witnessed a shoplifting. Some witnesses had seen signs that attempted to sensitize them to shoplifting and to inform them how to report it. what effect did the signs have

A

But the signs had little effect.

83
Q

In each, supermarket or bookstore shoppers witnessed a shoplifting. Some witnesses had seen signs that attempted to sensitize them to shoplifting and to inform them how to report it. what effect did verbal comments have

A

increase in reports

84
Q

A personal approach makes people feel less…, more responsible.

A

anonymous

85
Q

A .. makes people feel less anonymous, more responsible.

A

personal approach

86
Q

Helpfulness also increases when one expects to meet the…

A

victim and other witnesses again.

87
Q

… makes bystanders more self-aware and, therefore, more attuned to their own altruistic ideals.

A

Personal treatment

88
Q

what is the opposicte of

Personal treatment makes bystanders more self-aware and, therefore, more attuned to their own altruistic ideals.

A

deindividuated ppl = less alt

89
Q

Can awakening people’s guilt therefore increase their desire to help?

A

yes

90
Q

5 ways to teach prosocial behaviour

A 
teaching moral inclusion 
modelling prosical behaviour 
learning by doing 
attributing helpful behaviour to alturistic motives 
learning about prosocial behaviour
91
Q

Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe, relief workers in foreign countries, and volunteers at homeless shelters share at least one thing in common: …

A

moral inclusion.

92
Q

what is moral inclusion

A

T: They include people who differ from themselves within the human circle to which their moral values and rules of justice apply.

93
Q

—omitting certain people from one’s circle of moral concern—has the opposite effect. what is this effect

A

moral exclusion

It justifies all sorts of harm, from discrimination to genocide

94
Q

A first step toward socializing prosocial behaviour is, therefore, to counter the natural in-group bias favouring kin and tribe by …

A

broadening the range of people whose well-being concerns us.

95
Q

2 main ways to increase helping?

A

undo the social restraits on helping and social alturism

96
Q

2 ways to undo the restraints on helping?

A

reduce ambigutity and social responsiblity, enable guilt and social responsiblity

97
Q

4 ways to socialize altirism?

A

model it, learn about it, attribute helping to it, teach moral inclusion

98
Q

exceptional altruists had warm and close relationships with at least one parent who was, similarly, a strong “moralist” or committed to humanitarian causeswhat orientation does this family have

A

prosocial value ori- entation

99
Q

how does the overjustification effect work on alturism

A

When the justification for an act is more than sufficient, the person may attribute the act to the extrinsic justification rather than to an inner motive.

100
Q

We can state the principle positively: By providing people with just enough justification to prompt a good deed (…), we may increase their pleasure in doing such deeds on their own.

A

weaning them from bribes and threats when possible

101
Q

They asked other students to reply to the announcement with a yes, “if you think you probably will donate.”what made blood drive donations more likely and why

A

having to say no because your a caring person

102
Q

3 reasons why we help

A

social exchage, social norms, evolutionary

103
Q

when will we help? 4

A

few bystanders, similar to us, we have time, observe someone else helping

104
Q

who helps? 2

A

people who are high in empathy, emotionality and self efficacy
men in risky situations only

105
Q

3 ways we can increase helping?

A

-reduce ambiguity and increase responsiblity/ socialize alturism/ evoke guilt

PSYC 231 (15 decks)

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