Chapter 3 Flashcards
we construct social perceptions and beliefs when we do what 3 things
judge, perceive, and explain
what are our two brain system
system 1 (automatic) and 2 (conscious)
Our memory system is a web of associations, and … is the awakening or activating of certain associations.
priming
what priming goes on with depressed people
Depressed moods, as this chapter explains later, prime negative associations. But put people in a good mood and suddenly their past seems more wonderful; and their future, brighter.
Even physical sensations, thanks to our ….., prime our social judgments and vice versa
embodied cognition
give an example of how embodied cognition influences social judgements
cold water cold person (social exclusion feels cold and cold feels like social exclusion)
Our social cognition is embodied. The brain systems that process our …. communicate with the brain systems responsible for our ….
bodily sensations
social thinking
Advocates of “….” believe we should tune into our hunches—to use System 1.
intuitive management
can the unconcious control our behaviour ?
Priming research hints that the unconscious indeed controls much of our behaviour.
what would happen without the unconcious
“to be able to do just about any- thing at all (e.g., driving, dating, dancing), action initiation needs to be decoupled from the inefficient (i.e., slow, serial, resource consuming) workings of the conscious mind, other- wise inaction inevitably would prevail”
give 3 examples of automatic thinking
schemas, emotional reactions, expertise
Whether we hear someone speaking of religious sects or sex depends on how we automatically interpret the sound. what influences how we hear this
schemas
how is expertise automaitc
Given sufficient expertise, people may intuitively know the answer to a problem.
we recognize a friend’s voice after the first spoken word of a phone conversation. what facet of automatic thinking is this
expertise
give an e.g. that there are implicit and explicit memory systems
explicit damage, dr pricked hand would not shake hand next time
blindsight
Given but a very thin slice of someone—even just a fraction of a second glance at their photo—how good are we at guessing whether someone is outgoing or shy, straight or gay
very
Catholic students primed with a subliminal picture of the Pope frowning influenced them how
rated themselves lower on a number of traits.= lower self esteem
“a general consensus that the unconscious may not be as … as previously believed.
smart
commercial subliminal tapes can “reprogram your unconscious mind” for success to r f .
f
what are 2 ways intuitions make us less smart
error-prone hindsight judgments but also our capacity for illusion—
give an example of illusionary intuition
If the patient gets up and takes a few steps after the experimenter flashes the instruction “walk” to the patient’s nonverbal right hemisphere, the verbal left hemisphere will instantly provide the patient with a plausible explanation (“I felt like getting a drink”).
Demonstra- tions of how people create false beliefs do not prove that …. (although, to recognize falsification, it helps to know how it’s done).
all beliefs are false
T: we are unaware of our automatic errors
overconfidence phenomenon
is the The “intellectual conceit” only for judgments of past knowledge (“I knew it all along”) ?
no extends to estimates of current knowledge and predictions of future behaviour
how does the intellectual conceit extend into future judgements?
we’ve messed up in the past. But we have more positive expectations for our future perfor- mance in meeting deadlines, managing relationships, following an exercise routine, and so forth
what is overprecision
overconfidence leading you too select a very narrow range: In thinking we know exactly how something will go, we too often miss the window.
…. feeds overconfidence.
incompetence
“ignorance of one’s incompetence” occurs mostly on what difficulty of task
relatively easy-seeming tasks
how accurate are our self predctions vs the predictions others make for us
“what others see in us . . . tends to be more highly correlated with objective outcomes than what we see in ourselves.
why are we so bad at predicting our behavoiur
give to much weight ot intentions
In estimating their chances for success on a task, such as a major exam, people’s confidence runs highest when …
the moment of truth is off in the future.
The overconfident students—those who thought they were more accurate than they actually were—did worse on the test, why?
mostly because they stopped study- ing
Why does overconfidence persist?
Perhaps because we like those who are confident
ability overrides confidence when making people leaders to r f
f overconfidnece over rides
T: People also tend not to seek information that might disprove what they believe.
confirmation bias
confromation bias says We are eager to… but less inclined to seek evidence that ….
verify our beliefs, might disprove them
how can we fight conformation bias
inviting in system 2 thinking as it is a system 1 process
…. curtails confirmation.
Contemplation
how does
Confirmation helps explain why our self-images are so remarkably stable
because we seek, elicit, and recall feedback that confirms their beliefs about themselves.
T: stable self concept because we seek, elicit, and recall feedback that confirms their beliefs about themselves.
self-verification
what are Three techniques have successfully reduced the overconfidence bias
prompt feedback
unpack a task
think of one good reason why your judgement might be wrong
T: In some situa- tions, however, haste makes error.
heuristics
man who’s an atheist and abuses drugs. What kind of music does he like? Most people guessed heavy metal, why is this a heuristic
even though heavy metal fans are a very small minority of the population
To judge something by intuitively comparing it to our mental representation of a cat- egory is to use the ….. :T
representative heuristic
why do people overestimate the number of gays in society
because they are rperesented in media more = avaliblity heaurisitc
T: the more easily we can recall something, the more likely it seems.
avalibility heurisitc
People are slow to deduce … from a general truth, but they are remarkably quick to infer … from a vivid instance.
particular instances
general truth
our naive statistical intuitions, and our resulting fears, are driven not by calculation and reason but by emotions attuned to the…. …
availability heuristic.
Imagining … helps us feel better.
worse alternatives
athletes’ emotions after an event reflect mostly how they did relative to ….; but they also reflect the athletes’ ….thinking—their mentally simulating what might have been
expectations, counterfactual
how does counterfactual thinking influence winning a bronze vs silver metal
Bronze medallists (who could easily imagine finishing without a medal) exhibited more joy than silver medallists (who could more easily imagine having won the gold).
