Chapter 9 Flashcards
mastery training and slides
memory
ability to retain knowledge
semantic memory
includes general knowledge. declarative memory
episodic memory
include personal experiences. declarative memory
autobiographical memory
includes semantic or episodic experiences that reference the self
procedural memory
includes nondeclarative or implicit experiences for how to carry out skilled movement
priming
change in response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a previous stimulus
information processing
continuum including attention, sensation, perception, learning, memory, and cognition
encoding
transformation of information from one form to another
storage
retention of information
retrieval
recovery of stored information
sensory memory
stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model; briefly holds large amounts of incoming data
short-term memory (STM)
stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model; holds a small amount of information for a limited time
rehearsal
repetition of information
chunking
process of grouping meaningful or similar information together
working memory
extension of the concept of short-term memory; actively manipulates multiple types of information simultaneously
long-term memory
stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model; the location of permanent storage data
levels of processing theory
continuum of elaborative rehearsal applied to information that predicts its ease of retrieval
declarative memory
conscious retrieval of information that is easy to verbalize
nondeclarative memory
unconscious and effortless retrieval of information that is difficult to verbalize
spreading activation model
connectionist theory proposing that people organize general knowledge based on their individual experiences
schema
set of expectations about objects and situations
cue
stimulus that aids retrieval
encoding specificity
process in which memories incorporate unique combinations of information when categorized
reconstruction
rebuilding a memory out of stored elements
flashbulb memory
especially vivid and detailed memories of an emotional event
forgetting
decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory
decay
reduction in ability to retrieve rarely used information over time
interference
competition between newer and older information in memory
motivated forgetting
failure to retrieve negative memories
long-term potentiation (LTP)
enhancement of communication between two neurons resulting from their synchronous activation
mnemonic
memory aid that links new information to well-known information
attention is:
limited and selective
parallel processing
searching for one feature is fast and automatic
serial processing
searching for two or more features is slow and effortful
information processing model
encoding phase, storage phase, retrieval phase
maintenance rehearsal
actively thinking about something to remember it
elaborative rehearsal
putting something into long-term memory
working memory system components
phonological loop (auditory info), visuospatial sketchpad (visual info), episodic buffer (integrates info, links to LTM), central executive (control centre, directs attention to relevant info)
explicit memory
the processes involved when people remember specific info. aka declarative memory
implicit memory
the system underlying unconscious memories. aka nondeclarative memory
context dependent memory
memory enhancement that occurs when the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation
state dependent memory
memory enhancement that occurs when one’s internal state during the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation
medial temporal lobes
important for the consolidation of new explicit memories
reconsolidation
occurs every time a memory is activated
hippocampus
important for spatial memory
proactive interference
when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information
retroactive interference
when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information
visual codes
temporary storage for visual images. aka iconic memories
haptic codes
temporarily stores touch and bodily sensations
acoustic codes
temporarily stores sounds and words. aka echoic memories
phonological loop
part of working memory. in charge of verbal and auditory information.
visuospacial sketchpad
part of working memory. in charge of visual and spatial information
central executive
part of working memory. decides how much attention should be paid to other parts of working memory.
episodic buffer
part of working memory. combines LTM with working memory as needed
primacy effect
superior recall of items at the top of a list
recency effect
superior recall of items at the bottom of a list
tip-of-the-tongue
recall is partial. exactly what it sounds like
distributive practice
learning over time
crammed practic
learning all at once
Broca’s aphasia
can understand language easily but has difficult time speaking it
Wernicke’s aphasia
can speak language easily but has difficult time understanding it
the Flynn affect
IQ test results are increasing
