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Psy100 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

mastery training and slides

1
Q

memory

A

ability to retain knowledge

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2
Q

semantic memory

A

includes general knowledge. declarative memory

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3
Q

episodic memory

A

include personal experiences. declarative memory

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4
Q

autobiographical memory

A

includes semantic or episodic experiences that reference the self

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5
Q

procedural memory

A

includes nondeclarative or implicit experiences for how to carry out skilled movement

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6
Q

priming

A

change in response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a previous stimulus

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7
Q

information processing

A

continuum including attention, sensation, perception, learning, memory, and cognition

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8
Q

encoding

A

transformation of information from one form to another

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9
Q

storage

A

retention of information

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10
Q

retrieval

A

recovery of stored information

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11
Q

sensory memory

A

stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model; briefly holds large amounts of incoming data

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12
Q

short-term memory (STM)

A

stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model; holds a small amount of information for a limited time

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13
Q

rehearsal

A

repetition of information

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14
Q

chunking

A

process of grouping meaningful or similar information together

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15
Q

working memory

A

extension of the concept of short-term memory; actively manipulates multiple types of information simultaneously

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16
Q

long-term memory

A

stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model; the location of permanent storage data

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17
Q

levels of processing theory

A

continuum of elaborative rehearsal applied to information that predicts its ease of retrieval

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18
Q

declarative memory

A

conscious retrieval of information that is easy to verbalize

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19
Q

nondeclarative memory

A

unconscious and effortless retrieval of information that is difficult to verbalize

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20
Q

spreading activation model

A

connectionist theory proposing that people organize general knowledge based on their individual experiences

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21
Q

schema

A

set of expectations about objects and situations

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22
Q

cue

A

stimulus that aids retrieval

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23
Q

encoding specificity

A

process in which memories incorporate unique combinations of information when categorized

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24
Q

reconstruction

A

rebuilding a memory out of stored elements

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25
Q

flashbulb memory

A

especially vivid and detailed memories of an emotional event

26
Q

forgetting

A

decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory

27
Q

decay

A

reduction in ability to retrieve rarely used information over time

28
Q

interference

A

competition between newer and older information in memory

29
Q

motivated forgetting

A

failure to retrieve negative memories

30
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

enhancement of communication between two neurons resulting from their synchronous activation

31
Q

mnemonic

A

memory aid that links new information to well-known information

32
Q

attention is:

A

limited and selective

33
Q

parallel processing

A

searching for one feature is fast and automatic

34
Q

serial processing

A

searching for two or more features is slow and effortful

35
Q

information processing model

A

encoding phase, storage phase, retrieval phase

36
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

actively thinking about something to remember it

37
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

putting something into long-term memory

38
Q

working memory system components

A

phonological loop (auditory info), visuospatial sketchpad (visual info), episodic buffer (integrates info, links to LTM), central executive (control centre, directs attention to relevant info)

39
Q

explicit memory

A

the processes involved when people remember specific info. aka declarative memory

40
Q

implicit memory

A

the system underlying unconscious memories. aka nondeclarative memory

41
Q

context dependent memory

A

memory enhancement that occurs when the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation

42
Q

state dependent memory

A

memory enhancement that occurs when one’s internal state during the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation

43
Q

medial temporal lobes

A

important for the consolidation of new explicit memories

44
Q

reconsolidation

A

occurs every time a memory is activated

45
Q

hippocampus

A

important for spatial memory

46
Q

proactive interference

A

when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information

47
Q

retroactive interference

A

when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information

48
Q

visual codes

A

temporary storage for visual images. aka iconic memories

49
Q

haptic codes

A

temporarily stores touch and bodily sensations

50
Q

acoustic codes

A

temporarily stores sounds and words. aka echoic memories

51
Q

phonological loop

A

part of working memory. in charge of verbal and auditory information.

52
Q

visuospacial sketchpad

A

part of working memory. in charge of visual and spatial information

53
Q

central executive

A

part of working memory. decides how much attention should be paid to other parts of working memory.

54
Q

episodic buffer

A

part of working memory. combines LTM with working memory as needed

55
Q

primacy effect

A

superior recall of items at the top of a list

56
Q

recency effect

A

superior recall of items at the bottom of a list

57
Q

tip-of-the-tongue

A

recall is partial. exactly what it sounds like

58
Q

distributive practice

A

learning over time

59
Q

crammed practic

A

learning all at once

60
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

can understand language easily but has difficult time speaking it

61
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

can speak language easily but has difficult time understanding it

62
Q

the Flynn affect

A

IQ test results are increasing

Psy100 (12 decks)

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