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Psy100 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

mastery training and slides

1
Q

assimilation

A

incorporation of new learning into an existing schema without the need to revise the schema

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2
Q

theory of mind (TOM)

A

understanding that others have thoughts that are different from one’s own

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3
Q

conventional morality

A

choices are made according to law or public opinion

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4
Q

postconventional morality

A

choices are made according to personal standards and reason

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5
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

condition resulting from alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy that produces abnormalities in her child

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6
Q

fetus

A

developing organism between the embryo stage and birth or gestational weeks 8–40 weeks in humans

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7
Q

adolescence

A

period of development beginning at puberty and ending at young adulthood

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8
Q

identity

A

consistent, unified sense of self

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9
Q

accommodation

A

incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema

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10
Q

concrete operational stage

A

occurs between the age of 6–12 years; characterized by logical but not abstract reasoning

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11
Q

puberty

A

period of physical changes leading to sexual maturity

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12
Q

zygote

A

developing organism immediately following conception or the first 2 gestational weeks in humans

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13
Q

embryo

A

developing organism between the zygote and the fetus stages or gestational weeks 3–8 weeks in humans

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14
Q

teratogen

A

chemical agent that can harm the zygote, embryo, or fetus

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15
Q

attachment

A

emotional bond linking an infant to a parent or caregiver

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16
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

begins at birth and ends at the age of 2 years; characterized by active environmental exploration

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17
Q

egocentrism

A

limitations on the ability to understand the point of view of other people

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18
Q

menopause

A

complete cessation of a woman’s menstrual cycles

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19
Q

preoperational stage

A

occurs between the ages of 2–6 years; characterized by egocentrism and limits on logical reasoning

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20
Q

preconventional morality

A

choices are made according to expectations of reward or punishment

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21
Q

conservation

A

understanding that changing the form or appearance of an object does not change its quantity

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22
Q

secure attachment

A

pattern of infant–caregiver bonding; children explore confidently and return to the caregiver for reassurance

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23
Q

object permanence

A

ability to form mental representations of items that are no longer present

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24
Q

insecure attachment

A

pattern of infant–caregiver bonding; generally characterized as less desirable for the child’s outcomes

25
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

physical changes occurring at puberty associated with sexual maturity

26
Q

formal operational stage

A

begins at age 12 and extends through adulthood; characterized by mature reasoning capabilities

27
Q

stress

A

An unpleasant emotional state that results from perceptions of danger

28
Q

Stressor

A

An environmental event or stimulus that threatens an organism

29
Q

Coping response

A

Any response an organism makes to avoid, escape from, or minimize an aversive stimulus

30
Q

what happens in the chronic activation of the sympathetic system?

A

high blood pressure, heart and kidney failure, more colds (due to weakened immune system), and overeating, lack of sleep, alcohol and drug use, etc.

31
Q

2 types of coping strategies?

A

emotional-focused and problem-focused

32
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

Attempts to prevent an emotional response to the stressor, More passive coping strategy (e.g., Avoidance, minimizing the problem, “emotional eating”), and More likely when stressors are perceived as uncontrollableand when stress levels are high

33
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

Attempts to deal directly with the stressor to solve the problem, More active coping strategy (e.g., generating alternative solutions and choosing from among them), More likely when stressors are perceived as controllable and when stress levels are moderate

34
Q

error-generating conditions

A

when failure is highly probable

35
Q

Psychological resilience

A

The ability to recover (to “bounce back” or adapt) after a difficult experience (failure, adversity, trauma)

36
Q

entity theory of intelligence

A

you are as smart as you can be, it’s your whole life so on

37
Q

incremental theory of intelligence

A

growth mindset, failure is okay!

38
Q

People who are high in hardiness are:

A

Committed to their daily activities, View threats as challenges or opportunities for growth, and See themselves as being in control

39
Q

Hardiness is closely related to?

A

resiliency

40
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

under frontal lobe, deals with emotion processing and pain

41
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

42
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

somatic nervous system and automatic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)

43
Q

neurons

A

Operate through electrical impulses and Communicate with other neurons through chemical signals

44
Q

Three types of neurons:

A

sensory neurons (afferent neurons), motor neurons (efferent neurons), and interneurons

45
Q

Action potential

A

The neural impulse that passes along the axon and subsequently causes the release of chemicals from the terminal buttons

46
Q

Resting potential

A

polarized state (more negative inside the cell)

47
Q

Excitatory signals

A

increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire

48
Q

Inhibitory signals

A

decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire

49
Q

All-or-none principle

A

A neuron fires with the same potency each time (it either fires or does not fire)

50
Q

Agonists

A

nhance neurotransmitters’ actions by increasing the release of neurotransmitters, Blocking the re-uptake of neurotransmitters, and Mimicking a neurotransmitter (& activating a postsynaptic receptor)

51
Q

Antagonists

A

Inhibit neurotransmitters’ actions by Blocking the release of neurotransmitters, Destroying neurotransmitters in the synapse, and Mimicking a neurotransmitter (& blocking neurotransmitter binding)

52
Q

Glutamate

A

primary excitatory transmitter

53
Q

GABA

A

primary inhibitory transmitter

54
Q

Serotonin

A

mood, impulsiveness, hunger, sleep

55
Q

Dopamine

A

reward and motivation, voluntary movement

56
Q

Acetylcholine

A

motor control at the junctions between nerves and muscles; learning, memory, sleep

57
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

energy

58
Q

Norepinephrine

A

arousal, alertness

59
Q

Hippocampus

A

Important to the formation (and retrieval) of long-term memories

Psy100 (12 decks)

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