Chapter 11 Flashcards
mastery training and slides
assimilation
incorporation of new learning into an existing schema without the need to revise the schema
theory of mind (TOM)
understanding that others have thoughts that are different from one’s own
conventional morality
choices are made according to law or public opinion
postconventional morality
choices are made according to personal standards and reason
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
condition resulting from alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy that produces abnormalities in her child
fetus
developing organism between the embryo stage and birth or gestational weeks 8–40 weeks in humans
adolescence
period of development beginning at puberty and ending at young adulthood
identity
consistent, unified sense of self
accommodation
incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema
concrete operational stage
occurs between the age of 6–12 years; characterized by logical but not abstract reasoning
puberty
period of physical changes leading to sexual maturity
zygote
developing organism immediately following conception or the first 2 gestational weeks in humans
embryo
developing organism between the zygote and the fetus stages or gestational weeks 3–8 weeks in humans
teratogen
chemical agent that can harm the zygote, embryo, or fetus
attachment
emotional bond linking an infant to a parent or caregiver
sensorimotor stage
begins at birth and ends at the age of 2 years; characterized by active environmental exploration
egocentrism
limitations on the ability to understand the point of view of other people
menopause
complete cessation of a woman’s menstrual cycles
preoperational stage
occurs between the ages of 2–6 years; characterized by egocentrism and limits on logical reasoning
preconventional morality
choices are made according to expectations of reward or punishment
conservation
understanding that changing the form or appearance of an object does not change its quantity
secure attachment
pattern of infant–caregiver bonding; children explore confidently and return to the caregiver for reassurance
object permanence
ability to form mental representations of items that are no longer present
insecure attachment
pattern of infant–caregiver bonding; generally characterized as less desirable for the child’s outcomes
secondary sex characteristics
physical changes occurring at puberty associated with sexual maturity
formal operational stage
begins at age 12 and extends through adulthood; characterized by mature reasoning capabilities
stress
An unpleasant emotional state that results from perceptions of danger
Stressor
An environmental event or stimulus that threatens an organism
Coping response
Any response an organism makes to avoid, escape from, or minimize an aversive stimulus
what happens in the chronic activation of the sympathetic system?
high blood pressure, heart and kidney failure, more colds (due to weakened immune system), and overeating, lack of sleep, alcohol and drug use, etc.
2 types of coping strategies?
emotional-focused and problem-focused
Emotion-focused coping
Attempts to prevent an emotional response to the stressor, More passive coping strategy (e.g., Avoidance, minimizing the problem, “emotional eating”), and More likely when stressors are perceived as uncontrollableand when stress levels are high
Problem-focused coping
Attempts to deal directly with the stressor to solve the problem, More active coping strategy (e.g., generating alternative solutions and choosing from among them), More likely when stressors are perceived as controllable and when stress levels are moderate
error-generating conditions
when failure is highly probable
Psychological resilience
The ability to recover (to “bounce back” or adapt) after a difficult experience (failure, adversity, trauma)
entity theory of intelligence
you are as smart as you can be, it’s your whole life so on
incremental theory of intelligence
growth mindset, failure is okay!
People who are high in hardiness are:
Committed to their daily activities, View threats as challenges or opportunities for growth, and See themselves as being in control
Hardiness is closely related to?
resiliency
cingulate gyrus
under frontal lobe, deals with emotion processing and pain
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
somatic nervous system and automatic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)
neurons
Operate through electrical impulses and Communicate with other neurons through chemical signals
Three types of neurons:
sensory neurons (afferent neurons), motor neurons (efferent neurons), and interneurons
Action potential
The neural impulse that passes along the axon and subsequently causes the release of chemicals from the terminal buttons
Resting potential
polarized state (more negative inside the cell)
Excitatory signals
increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire
Inhibitory signals
decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire
All-or-none principle
A neuron fires with the same potency each time (it either fires or does not fire)
Agonists
nhance neurotransmitters’ actions by increasing the release of neurotransmitters, Blocking the re-uptake of neurotransmitters, and Mimicking a neurotransmitter (& activating a postsynaptic receptor)
Antagonists
Inhibit neurotransmitters’ actions by Blocking the release of neurotransmitters, Destroying neurotransmitters in the synapse, and Mimicking a neurotransmitter (& blocking neurotransmitter binding)
Glutamate
primary excitatory transmitter
GABA
primary inhibitory transmitter
Serotonin
mood, impulsiveness, hunger, sleep
Dopamine
reward and motivation, voluntary movement
Acetylcholine
motor control at the junctions between nerves and muscles; learning, memory, sleep
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
energy
Norepinephrine
arousal, alertness
Hippocampus
Important to the formation (and retrieval) of long-term memories
