Chapter 10 Flashcards
mastery training and slides
recognition heuristic
higher value is placed on the more easily recognized alternative
intelligence quotient (IQ)
measure of individual abilites relative to a statistically normal curve
functional fixedness
possible barrier to successful problem solving; concept is considered only in its most typical form
intelligence
ability to understand complex ideas, adapt effectively, learn from experience, reason, and overcome obstacles
exemplar
specific member of the category used to represent the category
cognition
internal mental processes including information processing, problem solving, thinking, and reasoning
concept
organizing principle derived from experience
phoneme
speech sound
problem
situation in which a current state is seperated from an ideal state by obstacles
general intelligence (g)
measure of an individual’s overall abilities as opposed to specific abilities
crystallized intelligence
ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge
giftedness
extreme of intelligence defined as having an IQ score of 130 or above
problem solving
use of information to meet a specific goal
prototype
representation of a category made by averaging all members of the category
morpheme
smallest component of speech that carries meaning
fluid intelligence
ability to think logically without the need to use learned knowledge
affect heuristic
choice between alternatives based on emotional or “gut” reaction to stimuli
representativeness heuristic
stimuli similar to a prototype are believed to be more likely than dissimilar stimuli
availability heuristic
frequency of an events occurrence is predicted by the ease of which it is thought of
language
system of communicating thoughts and feelings using arbitrary signals
intellectual disability
condition diagnosed in individuals with an IQ score below 70 and poor adaptive behaviours
heuristic
shortcut to problem solving; also known as rule of thumb
bilingual
proficient in two languages
aphasia
loss of the ability to speak or understand languages
algorithm
precise, step-by-step rules that will reliably generate a solution to a problem
the sapir-whorf hypothesis
linguistic determination vs linguisitic relativism
representation
anything that stands in for or corresponds to something else
mental representation
a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality
categorization
the process of grouping things based on shared information
classical categorization
objects are categorized according to a certain set of rules or specific set of features
reasoning
using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable
decision making
attempting to select the best alternative among several options
deductive reasoning
reason from general to specific by using a belief or rule to determine if a conclusion is valid
inductive reasoning
reason from specific to general by using examples or instances to determine if a conclusion is likely to be true
satisficer
“good enough” approach to decision making
maximizer
“best possible outcome” approach to decision making
framing effects
changes in the way information is percieved as a result of the way in which it was presented
factor analysis
a statistical method the looks at how lots of different observations correlate and determines how many theoretical constructs could most simply explain what you see
Stanovich’s notion of ‘disrationalia’
the inability to think and behave rationally despite having adequate intelligence
the Cognitive Reflection Test
better predictor of performance on heuristics and biases problems than IQ-type measures
Carol Dweck mindset theory
fixed mindset vs. growth mindset
Stanberg’s 3 intelligences theory
analytical, creative, practical
Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences theory
people can show skill in a variety of domains. related to learning styles theory
emotional intelligence (EQ)
social intelligence that emphasizes the ability to manage one’s emotions, recognize emotions in others, understand emotional language, and use emotions to guide thoughts and actions
