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Psy100 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

mastery training and slides

1
Q

empiricism

A

the view that all knowledge comes from observed/sensory experience

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2
Q

empirical evidence

A

data collected by scientific observation

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3
Q

the two qualities of scientific theories are:

A

predictive and explanatory

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4
Q

the three things scientific theories must be are:

A

testable, falsifiable, and parsimonious

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5
Q

falsifiable

A

possible to be proven false

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6
Q

parsimonious

A

as simplistic as possible

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7
Q

variables

A

a characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals

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8
Q

independent variable

A

variable that is manipulated to see impact on dependent variable

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9
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that is measured to see impact from independent variable

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10
Q

operational definitions

A

definitions of theoretical constructs that are stated in terms of concrete, measurable procedures

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11
Q

constructs

A

internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior

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12
Q

three types of research methods:

A

descriptive methods, correlational methods, and experimental methods

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13
Q

descriptive methods claims?

A

claims regarding the frequency of some behavior

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14
Q

correlational methods claims?

A

claims regarding the association between two variables

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15
Q

experimental methods claims?

A

claims about the causal relationship between two variables

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16
Q

types of observation:

A

naturalistic observation, participant observation, laboratory observation

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17
Q

naturalistic observation

A

passive observation. observers do not alter ongoing behavior (intentionally)

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18
Q

participant observation

A

active observation. observer is actively involved in situation (may alter by being involved)

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19
Q

laboratory observation

A

systematic observations made in a lab setting

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20
Q

descriptive methods weaknesses:

A

reactivity, observer bias, and self-report bias

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21
Q

reactivity

A

people acting differently because they know they are being observed

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22
Q

observer bias

A

researchers observations being influenced by prior opinions

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23
Q

self-report bias

A

inaccurate self reflections given by participants

24
Q

three things about correlational studies:

A

examine how variables are related, involve a single group of participants, and allow researchers to make claims about association between variables but not causal claims

25
Q

descriptive method

A

research methods designed for making careful, systematic observations

26
Q

correlation

A

the measure of the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables

27
Q

theory

A

set of facts and relationships between facts that can explain and predict related phenomena

28
Q

meta-analysis

A

statistical review of many previous experiments on a single topic

29
Q

statistical significance

A

standard for deciding whether an observed result is because of chance

30
Q

measure

A

method for describing a variable’s quantity

31
Q

longitudinal study

A

design assessing age-related changes

32
Q

cross-sectional study

A

design assessing age-related changes; data are obtained simultaneously from people of differing ages

33
Q

mixed longitudinal design

A

method for assessing age-related changes; observes a cross-section of participants over a shorter period

34
Q

normal distribution

A

symmetrical probability function

35
Q

placebo

A

inactive substance or treatment that cannot be distinguished from a real, active substance or treatment

36
Q

validity

A

quality of a measure that leads to correct conclusions

37
Q

null hypothesis

A

states the default position that there is no real difference between two measures

38
Q

double-blind procedure

A

design in which neither the participant nor the experimenter knows who was given a placebo

39
Q

desriptive statistics

A

methods that organize data into meaningful patterns and summaries, such as finding the average value

40
Q

inferential statistics

A

methods that allow experimenters to extend conclusions from samples to larger populations

41
Q

standard deviation

A

measure of how tightly clustered around the mean a group of scores is

42
Q

confirmation bias

A

noticing and remembering instances that support your beliefs more than instances that contradict them

43
Q

reliability

A

consistency of a measure, including test–retest, interrater, intermethod, and internal consistency

44
Q

control group

A

experiences all experimental procedures, with the exception of exposure to the independent variable

45
Q

confounding variable

A

is irrelevant to the hypothesis being tested but can alter a researcher’s conclusions

46
Q

naturalistic observation

A

in-depth study of a phenomenon in its environment

47
Q

experimental group

A

participants who are exposed to the independent variable

48
Q

operationalization

A

defining variables in ways that allow them to be measured

49
Q

third variable

A

variable that is responsible for a correlation observed between two other variables of interest

50
Q

random assignment

A

each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each experimental condition

51
Q

random sample

A

each member of the population you are interested in has an equal chance of being chosen to participant

52
Q

population

A

the group that you want to be able to generalize your findings to

53
Q

sample

A

the group of individuals from this population who are actually part of your study

54
Q

quasi-experiment

A

look like “real experiments” but do not have random assignment

55
Q

pro of a quasi-experiment?

A

useful for when manipulation isn’t feasible/ethical/possible

56
Q

con of a quasi-experiment?

A

risk of potential confounds limits the claims that a researcher can make

Psy100 (12 decks)

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