Chapter 5 Flashcards
mastery training and slides
cochlea
structure in the inner ear that contains auditory receptors
transduction
translation of incoming sensory information into neural signals
signal detection
analysis of sensory and decision-making processes in the detection of faint, uncertain stimuli
olfactory nerve
nerve carrying information of smells from the receptors to the bulbs
cornea
clear surface that begins the process of directing light to the retina
vestibular system
located in the inner ear and provides information about body position and movement
somatosensation
body senses, including body position, touch, skin temperature, and pain
optic tract
nerve pathway traveling to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain
sensory adaptation
tendency to pay less attention to a nonchanging source of stimulation
fovea
area of the retina that is specialized for highly detailed vision
cone
photoreceptor in the retina that processes color and fine detail
auditory nerve
carries sound information from the cochlea to the brain
retinal disparity
difference between the images projected onto each eye
olfactory bulb
structures below the frontal lobes that receive input from the receptors in the nose
optic nerve
carries visual information exiting the retina of the eye
gate theory
theory that suggests that input from touch fibers competes with input from pain receptors, possibly preventing pain messages from reaching the brain
rod
photoreceptor specialized to detect dim light
depth perception
ability to use the two-dimensional image projected on the retina to perceive three dimensions
gustation
sense of taste
top-down processing
perceptual process in which memory and cognitive processes are required for interpreting incoming sensory information
pupil
opening formed by the iris
absolute threshold
smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected
olfaction
sense of smell
organ of Corti
structure located on the basilar membrane that contains auditory receptors
transduction
translation of incoming sensory information into neural signals
iris
brightly colored circular muscle of the eye
psychophysics
study of relationships between the physical qualities of stimuli and the subjective responses they produce
papillae
small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds
trichromatic theory
different types of cones exist for the detection of short, medium, and long wavelengths
lens
clear structure that bends light toward the retina
monocular cue
depth cue that requires the use of only one eye
basilar membrane
structure in the cochlea on which the organ of Corti is located
bottom-up processing
perception based on building simple input into more complex perceptions
opponent process theory
activation of one color in the red-green or blue-yellow color channel inhibits the other color
retina
layers of visual processing cells
binocular cue
depth cue that requires the use of both eyes
sensation
the detection of external stimuli, response to stimuli, and transmission of responses to brain
perception
processing, organizing, and interpretation of sensory signals in the brain, and your conscious experience of it
What is the only sense that is not sent to the thalamus?
smell
difference threshold
the minimum amount of change in stimuli required for a person to notice
What are the stimuli for taste?
chemical substances from food that dissolve in saliva
5 tastes?
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
what are the stimuli for smell?
chemical substances that dissolve in fluid on mucous membranes in the nose
olfactory epithelium
thin layer of tissue in the nose embedded with smell receptors
where do smell receptors transmit their information to?
the olfactory bulb in the brain
orbitofrontal cortex
recieves info from smell, taste, and sight. flavour perception
mechanoreceptors
respond to mechanical distortion or pressure
where are the most sensitive mechanoreceptors found?
the cochlea. used to hear soundwaves
more sensitive areas tend to have more WHAT devoted to them?
cortical area. (lips, fingers etc)
where are nerve signals sent?
first thalamus, then to primary sensory cortex in parietal lobe
nocireceptors
pain receptors
how are nocireceptors activated?
by damaging them
myelinated (A delta) fibres
sharp, immediate pain
lightly or non-myelinated (C) fibres
dull, steady pain
accomodation
muscles change the shape of the lens, flattening it to focus on distant objects and thickening it to focus on closer objects
photoreceptors
convert the energy from light particles (photons) into a chemical reaction that produces an electrical signal
visual transmission?
rods and cones to bipolar, amacrine, horizontal cells, to ganglion cells/optic nerve to thalamus to primary visual cortex to dorsal and/or ventral stream
dorsal stream
specialized for spatial perception, determining where an object is and its spatial relation to other objects
ventral stream
specialized for perception and recognition of objects, such as determining color and shape
What are the three types of cones?
S (short wavelength) which percieves blue, M (medium wavelength) which percieves green, and L (long wavelength) which percieves red
what are the gestalt principles of perceptual organization?
figure-ground relationship, proximity, similarity, good continuation, closure, and illusory contours
figure-ground relationship
whatever is not the focus of your gaze is automatically assigned as background
proximity
the closer two objects are, the more likely we are to group them together and see them as being part of the same object
similarity
we tend to group figures according to how closely they resemble each another
good continuation
we tend to interpret intersecting lines as continuous rather than suddenly changing directions
closure
we tend to complete figures that have gaps
illusory contours
we percieve contours even when they don’t exist, if something in the figures suggest they ought to be present
motion parallax
objects that are far away tend to move slower than objects that are closer
A weatherman is standing outside in a terrible hurricane, when the wind launches a giant piece of metal into the side of his head, above his right ear. This likely damaged his:
Temporal lobe
Damage to the temporal lobe, would likely lead to problems with:
hearing
Annette has studied Piaget’s theory of cognitive development and believes it adequately describes the way the world works. What would she say about the developmental shift from, for instance, the preoperational to the concrete operational period of development?
Children in these two stages are qualitatively difference from one another.
If a split brain patient is shown an image of a trumpet in their left visual field, how might they best be able to identify the object?
They could attempt to draw it with their left hand
