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Psy100 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

mastery training and slides

1
Q

instinct

A

inborn pattern of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli; also known as a fixed action pattern

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2
Q

aversion therapy

A

application of counterconditioning in which a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unpleasant unconditioned stimulus

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3
Q

associative learning

A

formation of connections among stimuli and behaviors. If A happens, B is likely to also happen

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4
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned responses

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5
Q

latent inhibition

A

slower learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is already familiar than when unfamiliar

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6
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

gains value from being associated with other things that are valued.

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7
Q

negative reinforcement

A

method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence

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8
Q

latent learning

A

learning that happens without reinforcement. You learn just as well without reinforcement, but do not feel the need to prove yourself until reinforcement is provided

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9
Q

fixed ratio (FR)

A

reinforcement occurs following a set number of behaviors

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10
Q

variable interval (VI)

A

first response following a varying period is reinforced

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11
Q

fixed interval (FI)

A

first response following a specified interval is reinforced

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12
Q

learning

A

relatively permanent change in behavior or the capacity for behavior due to experience

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13
Q

variable ratio (VR)

A

reinforcement occurs following some variable number of behaviors

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14
Q

operant conditioning

A

type of learning in which associations are formed between behaviors and their comsequences. also known as Instrumental

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15
Q

classical conditioning

A

type of learning in which associations form between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time. also known as Pavlovian

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16
Q

nonassociative learning

A

learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to stimuli. Includes habituation and sensitization.

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17
Q

habituation

A

Decreases our reactions to repeated stimuli that are found to be unchanging and harmless. Nonassociative learning

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18
Q

sensitization

A

increased reaction to many stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus. Nonassociative learning.

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19
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

environmental event whose significance is learned through classical conditioning

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20
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

elicits a response without prior experience

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21
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

reaction learned through classical conditioning

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22
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that requires no previous experience

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23
Q

inhibition

A

feature of classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus predicts the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus

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24
Q

acquisition

A

development of a learned response

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25
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

during extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest

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26
Q

generalization

A

tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus

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27
Q

discrimination

A

learned ability to distinguish between stimuli

28
Q

systematic desensitization

A

type of counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear

29
Q

positive punishment

A

consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior by applying an aversive stimulus

30
Q

negative punishment

A

method for reducing behavior by removing something desirable whenever the target behavior occurs

31
Q

partial reinforcement

A

reinforcement of a desired behavior on some occasions, but not others

32
Q

partial reinforcement effect in extinction

A

learning stops more quickly after being taught by continuous reinforcement compared to partial reinforcement

33
Q

token economy

A

items that can be exchanged for other reinforcers increase the frequency of desirable behaviors

34
Q

method of successive approximations

A

method for increasing the frequency of behaviors that never or rarely occur. aka shaping

35
Q

two types of nonassociative learning?

A

habituation, sensitization

36
Q

extinction

A

A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. Aka floodinf

37
Q

second-order conditioning

A

When something is consistently paired with the conditioned stimulus, without the unconditioned stimulus, and leads to a conditioned response

38
Q

Hebb’s Rule

A

Neurons that fire together, wire together

39
Q

Rescorla-Wagner model

A

model of classical conditioning that states that the strength of the CS-UCS association is determined by how unexpected or surprising the UCS is

40
Q

Thorndike’s law of effect

A

Any behaviour that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs”is more likelyoccur again, and any behaviour that leads to an “annoying state of affairs”is less likelyrecur.

41
Q

Reinforcer

A

A stimulus that occurs after a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated

42
Q

Shaping

A

Involves reinforcing behaviours that are increasingly similar to the desired behaviour

43
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

increases the probability of a behaviour being repeated by the removal or avoidance of negative stimulus. aka escape behaviours/avoidance behaviours

44
Q

positive punishment

A

decreases the probability of behaviour being repeated by the administration of a negative stimulus

45
Q

negative punishment

A

decreases the probability of a behaviour being repeated by the removal or a positive stimulus

46
Q

Premack Principle/the relative theory of reinforcement

A

the idea that higher probabillity behaviours can be used to reinforce lower probability behaviours. aka, if you spend more time on something, you probably value it more, therefore it can be used as a reinforcer

47
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increases the probability of behaviour being repeated by the administration of a positive stimulus

48
Q

types of partial reinforcement

A

fixed, variable, ratio, and interval

49
Q

biological constraints

A

animals have a difficult time learning behaviours that are incompatible with innate, adaptive behaviours

50
Q

Bandura’s observational/social learning theory

A

learning that occurs when behaviours are acquired or modified following exposure to others performing the behaviour

51
Q

superstitious behaviour

A

accidental reinforcement

52
Q

what is the experience of pleasure/reward?

A

dopamine neurons in the nucleus accumbens

53
Q

Reflexes

A

Inevitable, involuntary responses to a stimuli

54
Q

Who is Patient HM?

A

To help with his seizures, had procedure done which removed hippocampus. Lost ability to make new specific memories. Retained procedural memory and most memories created before procedure.

55
Q

20th century psychology thought WHAT about instincts and reflexes?

A

That humans had less instincts and reflexes than other animals

56
Q

William James thought WHAT about instincts?

A

That humans have more instincts than other animals, but that we are usually unaware of them. We simply appear more thoughtful because we have to choose between many instincts

57
Q

Observational learning

A

Aka social learning or modelling. When one organism learns by watching the actions of another organism

58
Q

Conditioned

A

Something that must be learned

59
Q

Unconditioned

A

Reflexive, or occurs without learning

60
Q

WHOMST the fuck is Baby Albert

A

Lil baby named Albert who was taught to fear fluffy white animals by playing w a cute lil white rat and then hearing a loud banging noise. No extinction training ever occurred. Unethical as shit. Done by Watson and Raynor

61
Q

primary reinforcer

A

a reinforcer that is necessary to survival, like food or sleep

62
Q

reinforcer

A

increases a behaviour

63
Q

punishment

A

decreases a behaviour

64
Q

matching law

A

relative frequency of responding to one alternative will match the relative reinforcement for responses on that alternative

65
Q

chaining

A

breaking down a behaviour into manageable steps

66
Q

instinctive drift

A

when instinct reliably overcomes conditioning

67
Q

meme

A

basic unit of cultural transmission. aka a concept that can be grasped by cultural transmission alone

Psy100 (12 decks)

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