Chapter 8 Flashcards
mastery training and slides
instinct
inborn pattern of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli; also known as a fixed action pattern
aversion therapy
application of counterconditioning in which a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unpleasant unconditioned stimulus
associative learning
formation of connections among stimuli and behaviors. If A happens, B is likely to also happen
higher-order conditioning
learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned responses
latent inhibition
slower learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is already familiar than when unfamiliar
conditioned reinforcer
gains value from being associated with other things that are valued.
negative reinforcement
method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence
latent learning
learning that happens without reinforcement. You learn just as well without reinforcement, but do not feel the need to prove yourself until reinforcement is provided
fixed ratio (FR)
reinforcement occurs following a set number of behaviors
variable interval (VI)
first response following a varying period is reinforced
fixed interval (FI)
first response following a specified interval is reinforced
learning
relatively permanent change in behavior or the capacity for behavior due to experience
variable ratio (VR)
reinforcement occurs following some variable number of behaviors
operant conditioning
type of learning in which associations are formed between behaviors and their comsequences. also known as Instrumental
classical conditioning
type of learning in which associations form between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time. also known as Pavlovian
nonassociative learning
learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to stimuli. Includes habituation and sensitization.
habituation
Decreases our reactions to repeated stimuli that are found to be unchanging and harmless. Nonassociative learning
sensitization
increased reaction to many stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus. Nonassociative learning.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
environmental event whose significance is learned through classical conditioning
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
elicits a response without prior experience
conditioned response (CR)
reaction learned through classical conditioning
unconditioned response (UCR)
reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that requires no previous experience
inhibition
feature of classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus predicts the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus
acquisition
development of a learned response
spontaneous recovery
during extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest
generalization
tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus
discrimination
learned ability to distinguish between stimuli
systematic desensitization
type of counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear
positive punishment
consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior by applying an aversive stimulus
negative punishment
method for reducing behavior by removing something desirable whenever the target behavior occurs
partial reinforcement
reinforcement of a desired behavior on some occasions, but not others
partial reinforcement effect in extinction
learning stops more quickly after being taught by continuous reinforcement compared to partial reinforcement
token economy
items that can be exchanged for other reinforcers increase the frequency of desirable behaviors
method of successive approximations
method for increasing the frequency of behaviors that never or rarely occur. aka shaping
two types of nonassociative learning?
habituation, sensitization
extinction
A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. Aka floodinf
second-order conditioning
When something is consistently paired with the conditioned stimulus, without the unconditioned stimulus, and leads to a conditioned response
Hebb’s Rule
Neurons that fire together, wire together
Rescorla-Wagner model
model of classical conditioning that states that the strength of the CS-UCS association is determined by how unexpected or surprising the UCS is
Thorndike’s law of effect
Any behaviour that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs”is more likelyoccur again, and any behaviour that leads to an “annoying state of affairs”is less likelyrecur.
Reinforcer
A stimulus that occurs after a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated
Shaping
Involves reinforcing behaviours that are increasingly similar to the desired behaviour
Negative reinforcement
increases the probability of a behaviour being repeated by the removal or avoidance of negative stimulus. aka escape behaviours/avoidance behaviours
positive punishment
decreases the probability of behaviour being repeated by the administration of a negative stimulus
negative punishment
decreases the probability of a behaviour being repeated by the removal or a positive stimulus
Premack Principle/the relative theory of reinforcement
the idea that higher probabillity behaviours can be used to reinforce lower probability behaviours. aka, if you spend more time on something, you probably value it more, therefore it can be used as a reinforcer
positive reinforcement
increases the probability of behaviour being repeated by the administration of a positive stimulus
types of partial reinforcement
fixed, variable, ratio, and interval
biological constraints
animals have a difficult time learning behaviours that are incompatible with innate, adaptive behaviours
Bandura’s observational/social learning theory
learning that occurs when behaviours are acquired or modified following exposure to others performing the behaviour
superstitious behaviour
accidental reinforcement
what is the experience of pleasure/reward?
dopamine neurons in the nucleus accumbens
Reflexes
Inevitable, involuntary responses to a stimuli
Who is Patient HM?
To help with his seizures, had procedure done which removed hippocampus. Lost ability to make new specific memories. Retained procedural memory and most memories created before procedure.
20th century psychology thought WHAT about instincts and reflexes?
That humans had less instincts and reflexes than other animals
William James thought WHAT about instincts?
That humans have more instincts than other animals, but that we are usually unaware of them. We simply appear more thoughtful because we have to choose between many instincts
Observational learning
Aka social learning or modelling. When one organism learns by watching the actions of another organism
Conditioned
Something that must be learned
Unconditioned
Reflexive, or occurs without learning
WHOMST the fuck is Baby Albert
Lil baby named Albert who was taught to fear fluffy white animals by playing w a cute lil white rat and then hearing a loud banging noise. No extinction training ever occurred. Unethical as shit. Done by Watson and Raynor
primary reinforcer
a reinforcer that is necessary to survival, like food or sleep
reinforcer
increases a behaviour
punishment
decreases a behaviour
matching law
relative frequency of responding to one alternative will match the relative reinforcement for responses on that alternative
chaining
breaking down a behaviour into manageable steps
instinctive drift
when instinct reliably overcomes conditioning
meme
basic unit of cultural transmission. aka a concept that can be grasped by cultural transmission alone
