Chapter 12

Question 1

psychodynamic

Answer 1

Freud’s theory in which psychic energy moves among the compartments of the personality

Question 2

openness

Answer 2

characterized by an appreciation for fantasy, feelings, actions, ideas, values, and aesthetics

Question 3

5 main characteristics of the big five theory

Answer 3

openness, neuroticism, agreeableness, extroversion, conscientiousness

Question 4

conscientiousness

Answer 4

characterized by competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, self-discipline, and deliberation

Question 5

extroversion

Answer 5

characterized by warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement-seeking, and positive emotion

Question 6

agreeableness

Answer 6

characterized by trustworthiness, altruism, trust, compliance, modesty, and tender mindedness

Question 7

neuroticism

Answer 7

characterized by anxiety, angry hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsivity and vulnerability

Question 8

psychoanalysis

Answer 8

Freud’s treatment approach based on his psychodynamic theory

Question 9

id

Answer 9

component of Freud’s personality theory containing primitive drives present at birth

Question 10

ego

Answer 10

component of Freud’s personality theory that is the self that others see

Question 11

superego

Answer 11

component of Freud’s personality theory that internalizes society’s rules for right and wrong; the conscience

Question 12

defense mechanism

Answer 12

protective behaviour that reduces anxiety

Question 13

psychosexual stage

Answer 13

developing personality in Freud’s personality theory

Question 14

neo-Freudian

Answer 14

theorist who attempted to update and modify Freud’s original theory of personality

Question 15

unconscious mind

Answer 15

part of mental activity that cannot be voluntarily retrieved

Question 16

trait

Answer 16

stable personality characteristic

Question 17

Big Five theory

Answer 17

identifies five main characteristics that account for most individual differences in personality

Question 18

introversion

Answer 18

characterized by coolness, reserve, passivity, inactivity, caution, and negative emotion

Question 19

social-cognitive learning theory

Answer 19

features the group environment as important sources of individual differences in personality

Question 20

locus of control

Answer 20

cognitive expectancy featured in social-cognitive learning theories of personality about the source of individual outcomes

Question 21

reciprocal determinism

Answer 21

features the mutual influence of the person and that of the situation on each other

Question 22

temperament

Answer 22

child’s pattern of mood, activity, or emotional responsiveness linked to later personality

Question 23

personality inventory

Answer 23

objective assessment often using numbered scales or multiple choice, used to assess personality

Question 24

projective test

Answer 24

assessment providing an ambiguous stimulus onto which takers “project” their personality

Question 25

self

Answer 25

pattern of thought, feelings, and actions we perceive in our own minds

Question 26

self-concept

Answer 26

individual’s description of their own characteristics

Question 27

self-schema

Answer 27

cognitive organization that helps us think about and process personally-relevant information

Question 28

self-esteem

Answer 28

personal judgement of the value of an individual

Question 29

interpersonal self

Answer 29

who we are in the presence of other people