Chapter 9 Flashcards
cognition
mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating
concept
mental grouping of similar objects and events, ideas, people
prototypes
mental image or best example of a category
algorithm
methodical, logical rule, or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
heuristic
simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently (faster, more error prone)
insight
sudden and often novel realization of the solution
(obstacles of problem solving)
confirmation bias
tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions and ignore or distort contradictory evidence
(obstacles of problem solving)
fixation
inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set
mental set
tendency to approach a problem in one way, often one that has been successful in the past
representative heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes (may cause us to ignore important info.)
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
overconfidence
tendeny to be more confident than correct (overestimate accuracy of our beliefs and judgments)
belief perseverance
clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
intuition
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgment
language
our spoken, written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning