Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

cognition

A

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating

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2
Q

concept

A

mental grouping of similar objects and events, ideas, people

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3
Q

prototypes

A

mental image or best example of a category

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4
Q

algorithm

A

methodical, logical rule, or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

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5
Q

heuristic

A

simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently (faster, more error prone)

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6
Q

insight

A

sudden and often novel realization of the solution

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7
Q

(obstacles of problem solving)

confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions and ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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8
Q

(obstacles of problem solving)

fixation

A

inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

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9
Q

mental set

A

tendency to approach a problem in one way, often one that has been successful in the past

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10
Q

representative heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes (may cause us to ignore important info.)

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11
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

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12
Q

overconfidence

A

tendeny to be more confident than correct (overestimate accuracy of our beliefs and judgments)

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13
Q

belief perseverance

A

clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

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14
Q

intuition

A

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

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15
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgment

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16
Q

language

A

our spoken, written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning

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17
Q

When do we learn?

A
  • receptive language (4-7 months)
  • productive language: ability to produce words (7-12 mos)
  • one-word stage: speaking in single words (1-2 yrs)
  • two-word stage: speaking in 2 word statements (2 yrs)
18
Q

babbling stage

A

(4 months) infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
(10 months) infant understood by others

19
Q

Skinner: operant learning

A

association, imitation, reinforcement

20
Q

Chomsky: inborn universal grammer

A
  • kids learn too fast to be explained by Skinner’s simple ideas
  • language naturally occurs (language acquisition device)
  • universal grammar
21
Q

critical periods

A

there are periods in a child’s life when they learn

22
Q

linguistic determinism

A

(Whorf)
hypothesis that different languages impose different conceptions of reality
(reflecting personalities)

23
Q

animals

A

form concepts, display insights, numerical ability, natural tool users (chimpanzees)
-language? (animals communicate, but can it be called a language?)-chimps use ASL and comprehend syntax

24
Q

intelligence

A

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

25
Q

general intelligence

A

underlies specific mental abilities and is, therefore measured by every task on an intelligence task

26
Q

factor analysis

A

statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (factors) in a test
(used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score)

27
Q

savant syndrome

A

condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

28
Q

Gardners’s eight intelligences

A

linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal (self), interpersonal (other people), naturalist

29
Q

Sternberg’s three intelligences (triarchic theory)

A
  1. analytical (academic problem solving): assessed by academic tests
  2. creative: reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating new ideas
  3. practical: required for everyday tasks with multiple solutions
30
Q

(5 components of intelligence and creativity)

1. expertise

A

well-developed base of knowledge (mental building blocks)

31
Q

(5 components of intelligence and creativity)

2. imaginative thinking skills

A

ability to see things in novel ways, recognize patterns, make connections

32
Q

(5 components of intelligence and creativity)

3. venturesome personality

A

seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, perseveres in overcoming obstacles

33
Q

(5 components of intelligence and creativity)

4. intrinsic motivation

A

driven by more than interest, satisfaction, and challenge than by external pressures

34
Q

(5 components of intelligence and creativity)

5. creative environment

A

sparks, supports, refines creative ideas

35
Q

emotional intelligence

A

ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

36
Q

assessing intelligence

A

method for assessing individual’s mental aptitude comparing it to others

37
Q

(Alfred Binet)

mental age

A
  • predicting school achievement

- the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

38
Q

(Lewis Terman)

Innate IQ

A

intelligence quotient (IQ): mental age/chronological age

39
Q

(David Wechsler)

verbal and performance subtests

A

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

40
Q

Other influences on intelligence

A

genetic, environmental, heritability, ethnicity