Chapter 8 Flashcards
memory
learning that has persisted over time, info that has been stored and can be retrieved
encoding
processing of info into memory system
storage
retention of encoded info over time
retrieval
process of getting info out of memory storage
(form memories in 3 stages)
1. sensory memory
immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in memory system
(form memories in 3 stages)
2. short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly
(form memories in 3 stages)
3. long-term memory
relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system (knowledge, skills, experiences)
working memory
newer understanding of short term memory, focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial info and of info retrieved from long term memory
automatic processing
no conscious effort; process info about space, time, frequency, well-learned material
effortful processing
produces durable and accessible memories
rehearsal/overlearning–conscious repetition
spacing effect
tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list
encoding
- visual (imagery, mnemonic devices)
- organizing info (chunking, hierarchies)
iconic memory
momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
echoic memory
momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
storing info in the brain
- synaptic changes
- long-term potentiation (LTP): this prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing
- stress hormones and memory
flashbulb memories
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection
how to button a shirt
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
hippocampus
neural center located in limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
cerebellum
forming and recalling implicit memories
recall
measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier
recognition
measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned
relearning
measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time
retrieval cues
priming (activation of associations in memory)
deja vu
feeling that you have already experienced something
mood-congruent memory
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood
forgetting
- encoding failure
- storage decay
- retrieval failure
- interference
- motivated forgetting (repressed memories)
proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info
retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info
(memory construction)
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading info into one’s memory of an event
(memory construction)
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
