Chapter 8

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

learning that has persisted over time, info that has been stored and can be retrieved

Question 2

encoding

Answer 2

processing of info into memory system

Question 3

storage

Answer 3

retention of encoded info over time

Question 4

retrieval

Answer 4

process of getting info out of memory storage

Question 5

(form memories in 3 stages)

1. sensory memory

Answer 5

immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in memory system

Question 6

(form memories in 3 stages)

2. short-term memory

Answer 6

activated memory that holds a few items briefly

Question 7

(form memories in 3 stages)

3. long-term memory

Answer 7

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system (knowledge, skills, experiences)

Question 8

working memory

Answer 8

newer understanding of short term memory, focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial info and of info retrieved from long term memory

Question 9

automatic processing

Answer 9

no conscious effort; process info about space, time, frequency, well-learned material

Question 10

effortful processing

Answer 10

produces durable and accessible memories

rehearsal/overlearning–conscious repetition

Question 11

spacing effect

Answer 11

tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Question 12

serial position effect

Answer 12

our tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list

Question 13

encoding

Answer 13

• visual (imagery, mnemonic devices)

- organizing info (chunking, hierarchies)

Question 14

iconic memory

Answer 14

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

Question 15

echoic memory

Answer 15

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Question 16

storing info in the brain

Answer 16

• synaptic changes
• long-term potentiation (LTP): this prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing
• stress hormones and memory

Question 17

flashbulb memories

Answer 17

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 18

implicit memory

Answer 18

retention independent of conscious recollection

how to button a shirt

Question 19

explicit memory

Answer 19

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Question 20

hippocampus

Answer 20

neural center located in limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

Question 21

cerebellum

Answer 21

forming and recalling implicit memories

Question 22

recall

Answer 22

measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier

Question 23

recognition

Answer 23

measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned

Question 24

relearning

Answer 24

measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time

Question 25

retrieval cues

Answer 25

priming (activation of associations in memory)

Question 26

deja vu

Answer 26

feeling that you have already experienced something

Question 27

mood-congruent memory

Answer 27

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood

Question 28

forgetting

Answer 28

• encoding failure
• storage decay
• retrieval failure
• interference
• motivated forgetting (repressed memories)

Question 29

proactive interference

Answer 29

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

Question 30

retroactive interference

Answer 30

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info

Question 31

(memory construction)

misinformation effect

Answer 31

incorporating misleading info into one’s memory of an event

Question 32

(memory construction)

source amnesia

Answer 32

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined