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General Psychology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology (beginning)

A

“description and explanation of states of consciousness”

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2
Q

consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment (sleeping and waking)
allows us to exert voluntary control and communicate our mental state to one another

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3
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with our mental processes

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4
Q

dual processing

A

conscious left brain and intuitive right brain; info is simultaneously processed on separate conscious/unconscious tracks

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5
Q

(Dual Processing)

Visual Perception track

A

enables us to create the mental furniture that allows us to think about the world (recognize things and plan future action)

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6
Q

(dual processing)

visual action track

A

guides our moment to moment actions

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7
Q

unconscious parallel processing

A

frees your conscious mind to deal with new challenges

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8
Q

serial conscious processing

A

slower, skilled in solving problems which require focused attention

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9
Q

selective attention

A

conscious awareness focuses on only very limited aspect of all that you experience

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10
Q

cocktail party effect

A

ability to attend to only one voice among many

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11
Q

conscious awareness

A

we are still “blind” to some things

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12
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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13
Q

change blindness

A

failing to notice change in the environment

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14
Q

pop-out

A

powerful stimuli

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15
Q

sleep and dreams

A

brain’s auditory cortex responds to stimuli during sleep

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16
Q

circadian rhythm

A

bodies roughly synchronize with 24 hour cycle of day and night through biological clock

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17
Q

retinal proteins

A

control circadian clock by triggering signals to the brain’s suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus

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18
Q

sleep stages:

A

as sleep takes over, different parts of the brain’s cortex stops communicating and conscious fades

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19
Q

sleep stage 1

A

alpha waves, awake, relaxed, hallucinations, hypnagogic sensations

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20
Q

sleep stage 2

A

sleep spindles (bursts of rapid, rhythmic brainwave activity)

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21
Q

sleep stage 3

A

transitional, delta waves

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22
Q

sleep stage 4

A

deep sleep, delta waves (bed wetting, sleep walking/talking)

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23
Q

REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement)

A

(10 min) rapid and saw-toothed brainwaves
(30-45 min) increased heart rate, rapid and irregular breathing
motor cortex is active, brainstem blocks its messages (relaxed muscles)

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24
Q

glial cells

A

keep brain from being liquid (when sleeping these shrink, causing the brain to shrink and cleanse the brain)

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25
Q

Why sleep?

A

genetically influencing sleep patterns, sleep patterns culturally influenced

26
Q

sleep debt

A

cannot be paid off by one long sleep marathon

27
Q

effects of sleep loss

A

sleep strengthens memory, increases conc., increases mood, moderates hunger and obesity, increases immune system, decreases risk of accidents, increases ghrelin (hunger arousing hormone) decreases leptin (hunger suppressor), increases cortisol (stress hormone that stimulates fat production)

28
Q

sleep theories

A

protects, helps us recuperate, makes memories, feeds creative thinking, growth process

29
Q

insomnia

A

persistent problems falling/staying asleep

solutions: exercise, no caffeine, relax, regular sleep schedule, reduce stress levels

30
Q

narcolepsy

A

periodic/overwhelming sleepiness

31
Q

sleep apnea

A

stop breathing during sleep (no slow wave sleep)

associated with obesity and high blood pressure

32
Q

night terrors

A

stage four

33
Q

sleep walking/talking

A

2x heart rate, high breathing rate
sleep stage four
increased by sleep deprivation

34
Q

REM Dreams

A

hallucinations of sleeping mind, vivid, emotional, bizarre, often confused with reality
*sensory stimuli may invade dreams

35
Q

Why dream?

A

satisfy wishes, Freud ideas, file away memories, develop and preserve neural pathways, make sense of neural static , reflect cognitive development

36
Q

Freud’s ideas about dreaming

A

psychic safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings; manifest/latent content

37
Q

Manifest/latent content

Freud’s ideas

A

manifest content (remembered storyline) censored symbolic version of latent content which is unconscious and drives wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly

38
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

neural activity is random and dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of it

39
Q

Rem sleep

A

increased activity in amygdala; decreased frontal lobe activity

40
Q

hypnosis

A

altered state of consciousness

41
Q

hypnotic susceptibility

A

ability to focus attentiontotally on a task, to become imaginatevely absorbed in it

42
Q

posthypnotic suggestions

A

have helped alleviate headaches, asthma, stress-related skin disorders, obesity, pain

43
Q

dissociation

A

(dual processing state) split between different levels of consiousness

44
Q

selective attention

A

(pain relief) form of dual processing; may block attention to stimuli, doesn’t actually block the stimuli

45
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

chemicals that change perceptions and moods through their action at neural synapses

46
Q

tolerance

A

user’s brain adapts to its chemistry and offsets the drug’s affect (adjusts the baseline)

47
Q

withdrawl

A

physical pain and intense cravings (physical dependence)

48
Q

addiction

A

compulsive cravings for a substance despite adverse consequences and often with physical symptoms

49
Q

depressants

A

alcohol, barbiturates, opiates

calm neural activity and slow body functions

50
Q

(depressants)

alcohol

A

disinhibiton, slow neural processing, memory disruption, reduced self-awareness and self-control, expectancy effects

51
Q

(depressants)

barbiturates (tranquilizers)

A

depress nervous system activity

52
Q

(depressants)

opiates

A

morphine and heroin

depress neural functioning

53
Q

stimulants

A

caffeine, nicotine

temporarily excite and arouse body functions

54
Q

(stimulants)

amphetamines

A

increase heart rate, increase breathing, dilated pupils, decreased appetite, increased energy, increased self confidence

55
Q

(stimulants-amphetamines)

methamphetamine

A 
triggers dopamine (stimulates brain cells)
eventually permanently depressed because of reduced baseline of dopamine levels
56
Q

(stimulants)

nicotine

A

mood altering, diminish appetite, calm anxiety, decrease sensitivity to pain
releases epinephrine and norepenephrine after 7s

57
Q

(stimulants)

cocaine

A

euphoria to crash, emotional disturbances, suspiciousness, convulsions, cardiac arrest, respiratory failure
depletes brain’s supply of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine then blocks reuptake so the neurotransmitters remain in synapse

58
Q

(stimulants)

ecstasy

A

mild hallucinogen, suppresses immune system, impairs memory, slows thought, disrupts sleep (interferes with seratonin’s control of circadian rhythm)

59
Q

hallucinogens

A

distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

60
Q

(hallucinogens)

LSD

A

similar to, and block, subtype of seratonin

euphoria to detachment in a panic

61
Q

(hallucinogens)

marijuana

A

relaxes, disinhibits, produce euphoric high, mild hallucinogen

63
Q

Freud’s wish fulfillment

A

The distinction between manifest content and latent content

General Psychology (13 decks)

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