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General Psychology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

psychology (beginning)

A

“description and explanation of states of consciousness”

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2
Q

consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment (sleeping and waking)
allows us to exert voluntary control and communicate our mental state to one another

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3
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with our mental processes

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4
Q

dual processing

A

conscious left brain and intuitive right brain; info is simultaneously processed on separate conscious/unconscious tracks

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5
Q

(Dual Processing)

Visual Perception track

A

enables us to create the mental furniture that allows us to think about the world (recognize things and plan future action)

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6
Q

(dual processing)

visual action track

A

guides our moment to moment actions

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7
Q

unconscious parallel processing

A

frees your conscious mind to deal with new challenges

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8
Q

serial conscious processing

A

slower, skilled in solving problems which require focused attention

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9
Q

selective attention

A

conscious awareness focuses on only very limited aspect of all that you experience

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10
Q

cocktail party effect

A

ability to attend to only one voice among many

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11
Q

conscious awareness

A

we are still “blind” to some things

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12
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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13
Q

change blindness

A

failing to notice change in the environment

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14
Q

pop-out

A

powerful stimuli

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15
Q

sleep and dreams

A

brain’s auditory cortex responds to stimuli during sleep

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16
Q

circadian rhythm

A

bodies roughly synchronize with 24 hour cycle of day and night through biological clock

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17
Q

retinal proteins

A

control circadian clock by triggering signals to the brain’s suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus

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18
Q

sleep stages:

A

as sleep takes over, different parts of the brain’s cortex stops communicating and conscious fades

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19
Q

sleep stage 1

A

alpha waves, awake, relaxed, hallucinations, hypnagogic sensations

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20
Q

sleep stage 2

A

sleep spindles (bursts of rapid, rhythmic brainwave activity)

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21
Q

sleep stage 3

A

transitional, delta waves

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22
Q

sleep stage 4

A

deep sleep, delta waves (bed wetting, sleep walking/talking)

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23
Q

REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement)

A

(10 min) rapid and saw-toothed brainwaves
(30-45 min) increased heart rate, rapid and irregular breathing
motor cortex is active, brainstem blocks its messages (relaxed muscles)

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24
Q

glial cells

A

keep brain from being liquid (when sleeping these shrink, causing the brain to shrink and cleanse the brain)

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25
Why sleep?
genetically influencing sleep patterns, sleep patterns culturally influenced
26
sleep debt
cannot be paid off by one long sleep marathon
27
effects of sleep loss
sleep strengthens memory, increases conc., increases mood, moderates hunger and obesity, increases immune system, decreases risk of accidents, increases ghrelin (hunger arousing hormone) decreases leptin (hunger suppressor), increases cortisol (stress hormone that stimulates fat production)
28
sleep theories
protects, helps us recuperate, makes memories, feeds creative thinking, growth process
29
insomnia
persistent problems falling/staying asleep | solutions: exercise, no caffeine, relax, regular sleep schedule, reduce stress levels
30
narcolepsy
periodic/overwhelming sleepiness
31
sleep apnea
stop breathing during sleep (no slow wave sleep) | associated with obesity and high blood pressure
32
night terrors
stage four
33
sleep walking/talking
2x heart rate, high breathing rate sleep stage four increased by sleep deprivation
34
REM Dreams
hallucinations of sleeping mind, vivid, emotional, bizarre, often confused with reality *sensory stimuli may invade dreams
35
Why dream?
satisfy wishes, Freud ideas, file away memories, develop and preserve neural pathways, make sense of neural static , reflect cognitive development
36
Freud's ideas about dreaming
psychic safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings; manifest/latent content
37
Manifest/latent content | Freud's ideas
manifest content (remembered storyline) censored symbolic version of latent content which is unconscious and drives wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly
38
activation-synthesis theory
neural activity is random and dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of it
39
Rem sleep
increased activity in amygdala; decreased frontal lobe activity
40
hypnosis
altered state of consciousness
41
hypnotic susceptibility
ability to focus attentiontotally on a task, to become imaginatevely absorbed in it
42
posthypnotic suggestions
have helped alleviate headaches, asthma, stress-related skin disorders, obesity, pain
43
dissociation
(dual processing state) split between different levels of consiousness
44
selective attention
(pain relief) form of dual processing; may block attention to stimuli, doesn't actually block the stimuli
45
psychoactive drugs
chemicals that change perceptions and moods through their action at neural synapses
46
tolerance
user's brain adapts to its chemistry and offsets the drug's affect (adjusts the baseline)
47
withdrawl
physical pain and intense cravings (physical dependence)
48
addiction
compulsive cravings for a substance despite adverse consequences and often with physical symptoms
49
depressants
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates | calm neural activity and slow body functions
50
(depressants) | alcohol
disinhibiton, slow neural processing, memory disruption, reduced self-awareness and self-control, expectancy effects
51
(depressants) | barbiturates (tranquilizers)
depress nervous system activity
52
(depressants) | opiates
morphine and heroin | depress neural functioning
53
stimulants
caffeine, nicotine | temporarily excite and arouse body functions
54
(stimulants) | amphetamines
increase heart rate, increase breathing, dilated pupils, decreased appetite, increased energy, increased self confidence
55
(stimulants-amphetamines) | methamphetamine
``` triggers dopamine (stimulates brain cells) eventually permanently depressed because of reduced baseline of dopamine levels ```
56
(stimulants) | nicotine
mood altering, diminish appetite, calm anxiety, decrease sensitivity to pain releases epinephrine and norepenephrine after 7s
57
(stimulants) | cocaine
euphoria to crash, emotional disturbances, suspiciousness, convulsions, cardiac arrest, respiratory failure depletes brain's supply of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine then blocks reuptake so the neurotransmitters remain in synapse
58
(stimulants) | ecstasy
mild hallucinogen, suppresses immune system, impairs memory, slows thought, disrupts sleep (interferes with seratonin's control of circadian rhythm)
59
hallucinogens
distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
60
(hallucinogens) | LSD
similar to, and block, subtype of seratonin | euphoria to detachment in a panic
61
(hallucinogens) | marijuana
relaxes, disinhibits, produce euphoric high, mild hallucinogen
63
Freud's wish fulfillment
The distinction between manifest content and latent content

General Psychology (13 decks)

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