Chapter 10

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Question 2

instinct

Answer 2

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
(this failed to explain human motives)

Question 3

drive-reduction theory

Answer 3

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy a need

Question 4

(drive reduction theory)

homeostasis (push)

Answer 4

maintenance of steady internal state

Question 5

(drive reduction theory)

incentive (pull)

Answer 5

positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 6

optimum arousal

Answer 6

some motivated behaviors increase arousal

lack stimulation: get bored and look for a way to increase arousal

Question 7

hierarchy of motives/needs

Answer 7

Maslow

Question 8

(hierarchy of needs)

1. (top) self transcendence needs:

Answer 8

need to find meaning and identity beyond the self

Question 9

(hierarchy of needs)

2. self-actualization needs:

Answer 9

need to live up to our fullest and unique potential

Question 10

(hierarchy of needs)

3. esteem needs:

Answer 10

need for self -esteem, achievement, competence, independence, need recognition and respect from others

Question 11

(hierarchy of needs)

4. belongingness and love needs:

Answer 11

need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted, need to avoid loneliness and separation

Question 12

(hierarchy of needs)

5. safety needs:

Answer 12

need to feel that the world is organized, predictable, safe

Question 13

(hierarchy of needs)

6. physiological needs:

Answer 13

need to satisfy hunger and thirst

Question 14

hunger

Answer 14

response to a homeostatic system designed to maintain normal body weight and adequate nutrient supply

Question 15

glucose and hunger

Answer 15

• insulin decreases blood glucose (partly by converting it to fat)
• brain triggers hunger

Question 16

ghrelin

Answer 16

hunger-arousing hormone (secreted by empty stomach)

Question 17

obestatin

Answer 17

sends out fullness signal that surpresses hunger

Question 18

obesity

Answer 18

BMI 30+

-during a diet, fat cells may shrink, but they’re number does not

Question 19

anorexia nervosa

Answer 19

eating disorder in which a person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet still feeling fat, continues to starve

Question 20

bulimia nervosa

Answer 20

eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating (usually high calorie foods) followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercising

Question 21

binge eating disorder

Answer 21

significant binge eating episodes followed by distress, disgust, or guilt but without compensatory purging, fasting or excessive exercise

Question 22

sexual response cycle

Masters and Johnson

Answer 22

1. excitement phase
2. plateau phase
3. orgasm
4. resolution phase (refractory period)

Question 23

sexual disorder

Answer 23

problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

Question 24

teen pregnancy

Answer 24

typically due to:
ignorance, minimal communication about birth control, guilt related to sexual activity, alcohol use, mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

Question 25

teens and STI’s

Answer 25

reasons for abstinence: high intelligence, religious engagement, father presence, participation in service learning programs

Question 26

sexual orientation

Answer 26

• fraternal birth order effect
• genetics: runs in families, maternal genetics
• prenatal hormones: hormone levels at specific time in pregnancy determine male or female

Question 27

need to belong

Answer 27

• aiding survival (cooperation/community)
• wanting to belong
• sustaining relationships
• pain of ostracism