Chapter 1

Question 1

Aristotle

Answer 1

body and soul not separate;

knowledge grows from experience

Question 2

pcychiatrist

Answer 2

can prescribe medication

Question 3

Wundt

Answer 3

studied “atoms of the mind”; sensory reaction stimulation; wanted to breakdown the mind. He established the first psychology laboratory
Used introspection as a research tool

Question 4

William James

Answer 4

1st Psych book written

Question 5

Mary Calkins

Answer 5

1st APA female president (Jame’s student)

Question 6

Sigmund Freud

Answer 6

emphasized the importance of unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior

Question 7

Psychology (1920s)

Answer 7

became a science

“science of mental life”

Question 8

John B. Watson

Answer 8

(Behaviorist)
we are born as blank slates; interested in stimulus response
Defined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”

Question 9

BF Skinner

Answer 9

(Behaviorist)
we are all conditioned (habits); worked on how to make someone behave differently
Rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior

Question 10

Hindsight bias

Answer 10

“I knew it all along”

after learning the outcome, people claim they could have predicted the outcome

Question 11

Maslow
and
Rogers

Answer 11

(Humanistic)
emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and need for love and acceptance;
heiarchy of needs (maslow)

Question 12

Psychology (modern)

Answer 12

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 13

behaviorism

Answer 13

view that 1) psych is subjective science and 2) studies behavior without reference of mental processes

Question 14

humanistic

Answer 14

• emphasizes growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth (Rogers, Maslow)
• importance of current environment influences on growth and importance of having our needs of love and acceptance satisfied

Question 15

cognitive

Answer 15

study of brain activity linked with cognition (perception, memory, thinking, language)

Question 16

nature-nurture issue

Answer 16

controversy over relative contributions of biology and experience to development of our traits and behaviors
(Plato-assumed inherited; Aristotle-assumed came from external world

Question 17

biological influences

Answer 17

• natural selection of adaptive traits
• genetic predispositions
• brain mechanisms
• hormones

Question 18

psychological iinfluences

Answer 18

• learned fears or other learned expectations
• emotional pressures
• cognitive processing and perceptual expectations

Question 19

social-cultural influences

Answer 19

• presence of others
• cultural, societal, family expectations
• peer and other group influences
• compelling models (media)

Question 20

biological psych

Answer 20

links between brain and mind

Question 21

developmental psych

Answer 21

change in abilities from womb to tomb

Question 22

cognitive psych

Answer 22

experiment with how we perceive, think, and solve problems

Question 23

social psych

Answer 23

explore how we view one another

Question 24

counseling psych

Answer 24

help cope with challenges

Question 25

clinical psych

Answer 25

assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

Question 26

empirical approach

Answer 26

letting facts speak for themselves

Question 27

Psychodynamic perspective

Answer 27

Focusing on the extent to which behavior is influenced by motives outside our own awareness