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General Psychology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

relatively permanent behavior change due to experience

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2
Q

learned associations

A

feed our habitual behaviors (habituates)

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3
Q

conditioning

A

process of leaning associations

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4
Q

classical conditioning

A

learn to associate two stimuli and thus anticipate events

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5
Q

operant conditioning

A

we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence and thus repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results

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6
Q

observational learning

A

learn from other’s experiences

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7
Q

Pavlov

A
  • dog experiments

- laid foundation for John Watson (behaviorist)

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8
Q

behaviorism

A

view that psychology:

  1. should be an objective science
  2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes
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9
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

events the dog could see or hear but didn’t associate with the food

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10
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

(CC) the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US)
(dog salivation when food is in mouth)

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11
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

(CC) stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response
(food)

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12
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

(CC) the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned stimulus (CS)

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13
Q

operant chamber (Skinner box)

A

containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food/water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing

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14
Q

reinforcers

A

(OC) any event that strengthens the behavior that follows

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15
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increasing behavior by presenting positive stimuli (presented after response–strengthens response)

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16
Q

negative reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by stopping/reducing negative stimuli

stimuli removed after a response–strengthens the response

17
Q

primary reinforcers

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus (such as one that satisfies biological need)
not learned

18
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
(aka secondary reinforcement)
(immediate and delayed reinforcers)
-turning on light and getting food

19
Q

(reinforcement schedules)

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

20
Q

(reinforcement schedules)

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response (but increases resistance to extinction)

21
Q

(reinforcement schedules)

fixed-ratio schedule

A

(OC) reinforces a response after specified number of responses

22
Q

(reinforcement schedules)

variable-ratio schedule

A

(OC) reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

23
Q

(reinforcement schedules)

fixed-interval schedule

A

(OC) reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

24
Q

(reinforcement schedules)

variable-interval schedule

A

(OC) reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

25
Q

punishment

A

an event that decreases the behavior it follows

26
Q

parenting and children

A
  1. punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten
  2. punishment teaches discrimination
  3. punishment teaches fear
  4. physical punishment increases aggressiveness by modeling aggression as a way to cope
27
Q

cognitive map

A

mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

28
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but its not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

29
Q

modeling

A

process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

30
Q

mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing or when observing others doing so (may enable imitationa nd empathy

31
Q

Bandura’s experiments

A

-what determines if we will imitate a model?
A: reinforcements and punishments–those received by a model as well as by the imitator
(bobo doll example)

32
Q

prosocial behavior

A

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

opposite of antisocial behavior

General Psychology (13 decks)

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