Chapter 7

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

relatively permanent behavior change due to experience

Question 2

learned associations

Answer 2

feed our habitual behaviors (habituates)

Question 3

conditioning

Answer 3

process of leaning associations

Question 4

classical conditioning

Answer 4

learn to associate two stimuli and thus anticipate events

Question 5

operant conditioning

Answer 5

we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence and thus repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results

Question 6

observational learning

Answer 6

learn from other’s experiences

Question 7

Pavlov

Answer 7

• dog experiments

- laid foundation for John Watson (behaviorist)

Question 8

behaviorism

Answer 8

view that psychology:

1. should be an objective science
2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Question 9

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 9

events the dog could see or hear but didn’t associate with the food

Question 10

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 10

(CC) the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US)
(dog salivation when food is in mouth)

Question 11

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 11

(CC) stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response
(food)

Question 12

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 12

(CC) the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 13

operant chamber (Skinner box)

Answer 13

containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food/water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing

Question 14

reinforcers

Answer 14

(OC) any event that strengthens the behavior that follows

Question 15

positive reinforcement

Answer 15

increasing behavior by presenting positive stimuli (presented after response–strengthens response)

Question 16

negative reinforcement

Answer 16

increasing behaviors by stopping/reducing negative stimuli

stimuli removed after a response–strengthens the response

Question 17

primary reinforcers

Answer 17

an innately reinforcing stimulus (such as one that satisfies biological need)
not learned

Question 18

conditioned reinforcer

Answer 18

stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
(aka secondary reinforcement)
(immediate and delayed reinforcers)
-turning on light and getting food

Question 19

(reinforcement schedules)

continuous reinforcement

Answer 19

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 20

(reinforcement schedules)

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 20

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response (but increases resistance to extinction)

Question 21

(reinforcement schedules)

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 21

(OC) reinforces a response after specified number of responses

Question 22

(reinforcement schedules)

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 22

(OC) reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 23

(reinforcement schedules)

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 23

(OC) reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Question 24

(reinforcement schedules)

variable-interval schedule

Answer 24

(OC) reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 25

punishment

Answer 25

an event that decreases the behavior it follows

Question 26

parenting and children

Answer 26

1. punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten 2. punishment teaches discrimination 3. punishment teaches fear 4. physical punishment increases aggressiveness by modeling aggression as a way to cope

Question 27

cognitive map

Answer 27

mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Question 28

latent learning

Answer 28

learning that occurs but its not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 29

modeling

Answer 29

process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 30

mirror neurons

Answer 30

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing or when observing others doing so (may enable imitationa nd empathy

Question 31

Bandura's experiments

Answer 31

-what determines if we will imitate a model? A: reinforcements and punishments--those received by a model as well as by the imitator (bobo doll example)

Question 32

prosocial behavior

Answer 32

positive, constructive, helpful behavior | opposite of antisocial behavior