Chapter 2

Question 1

neurons

Answer 1

cell body and branching fibers

Question 2

dendrite

Answer 2

fibers receive info and conduct it toward cell body

Question 3

axon

Answer 3

passage of the message

covered with myelin sheath

Question 4

action potential

Answer 4

electrical charge travels down axon

fired by neuron

Question 5

synapse

Answer 5

meeting point between neurons

Question 6

neurotransmitters

Answer 6

chemical messengers released when action potential reaches terminals at axon’s end
(crosses synaptic gap and binds to receptors on receiving neuron)

Question 7

reuptake

Answer 7

sending neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitters

Question 8

morphine

Answer 8

elevates mood, eases pain (opiate drug)

Question 9

dopamine

Answer 9

influences movement, learning, attention, emotion

Question 10

seratonin

Answer 10

mood, hunger, sleep arousal

Question 11

norepinephrine

Answer 11

alertness, arousal

Neurotransmitter and a hormone

Question 12

agonist

Answer 12

similar to neurotransmitter

Question 13

antagonist

Answer 13

bind to receptors, but block neurotransmitter

Question 14

central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 14

brain, spinal cord

decision maker

Question 15

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 15

gathers info, transmits CNS decisions to all other body parts

Question 16

nerves

Answer 16

electrical cables formed of bundles of axons

links CNS to body’s sensory receptors, muscles, glands

Question 17

sensory neurons

Answer 17

carry messages from body’s tissues; inward towards brain and spinal cord for processing

Question 18

interneurons

Answer 18

process info within CNS (reflexes)

Question 19

somatic nervous system

Answer 19

(PNS) enables voluntary control of skeletal muscles

Question 20

autonomic nervous system

Answer 20

(PNS) controls glands, muscles in internal organs through sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Question 21

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 21

(PNS) arouses and expends energy

Question 22

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 22

(PNS) calms, keeps steady internal state

Question 23

spinal cord

Answer 23

(CNS) info highway; connects PNS to brain

Question 24

endocrine system

Answer 24

glands secrete another form of chemical messengers (hormones) which travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues

Question 25

adrenal glands

Answer 25

kidney | fight or flight

Question 26

hypothalamus

Answer 26

brain | controls pituitary gland

Question 27

pituitary gland

Answer 27

brain | secretes hormones; growth

Question 28

thyroid

Answer 28

throat | metabolism

Question 29

parathyroid

Answer 29

throat | Calcium in blood

Question 30

pancreas

Answer 30

abdomen | sugar level in blood

Question 31

testis

Answer 31

secretes male sex hormones

Question 32

ovary

Answer 32

secretes female sex hormones

Question 33

feedback system

Answer 33

brain --> pituitary --> other glands --> hormones --> brain

Question 34

electroenocephalogram (EEG)

Answer 34

amplified recording of waves of electrical activity

Question 35

positron emission technology (PET)

Answer 35

visual display of brain detects where radioactive form of glucose goes while brain performs task

Question 36

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 36

magnetic fields and radio waves produce computer generated images of soft tissue

Question 37

brainstem: medulla

Answer 37

controls heartbeat and breathing

Question 38

brainstem: pons

Answer 38

controls movement (above medulla)

Question 39

thalamus

Answer 39

receives info from all senses (except smell) and routes it to higher brain regions that deal with the senses also transmits messages to medulla and cerebellum

Question 40

reticular formation

Answer 40

filters incoming stimuli and relays important info to other areas of brain; affects arousal

Question 41

cerebellum

Answer 41

enables one type of nonverbal learning and memory, judge time, modulate emotions, discriminate sounds and textures, coordinates voluntary movement

Question 42

limbic system

Answer 42

emotions | hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus

Question 43

hippocampus

Answer 43

memory, links emotions and basic motives

Question 44

amygdala

Answer 44

influence aggression and fear

Question 45

hypothalamus

Answer 45

govern body maintenance, hunger, thirst, body temperature, sexual behavior, monitors blood chemistry, takes orders from other parts of the brain, reward center

Question 46

``` reward center (reward deficiency syndrome) ```

Answer 46

usually releases dopamine | mouse experiment

Question 47

cerebellum

Answer 47

enables perceiving, thinking, speaking

Question 48

cerebral cortex

Answer 48

thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells | four lobes separated by fissures

Question 49

frontal lobe

Answer 49

speaking, muscle movements, making plans and judgements

Question 50

motor cortex

Answer 50

(strip at rear of frontal lobes) | controls voluntary movements

Question 51

sensory cortex

Answer 51

(parietal lobe) | registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

Question 52

visual cortex

Answer 52

(occipital lobe)

Question 53

auditory cortex

Answer 53

(temporal lobe)

Question 54

association areas

Answer 54

Vast area of the brain. receive sensory input/direct muscular output; integrate info and link sensory inputs with stored memories (found in all 4 lobes)

Question 55

Broca's Area

Answer 55

speaking

Question 56

Wernickes area

Answer 56

hearing

Question 57

brain plasticity

Answer 57

ability to modify itself after some types of damage (neural tissue can reorganize in response to damage)

Question 58

neurogenesis

Answer 58

forms new neurons every day

Question 59

divided brain

Answer 59

left/right hemisphere

Question 60

corpus callosum

Answer 60

wide band of axon fibers connecting two hemispheres and carrying info between them

Question 61

split brains

Answer 61

lacking corpus callosum

Question 62

right hemisphere

Answer 62

perceptual task; makes inferences

Question 63

left hemisphere

Answer 63

speaks, calculates

Question 64

parietal lobe

Answer 64

(top of head towards rear) | receives sensory input for touch and body position

Question 65

occipital lobe

Answer 65

(back of head) | includes areas that receive information from visual field

Question 66

temporal lobe

Answer 66

(above ears) | auditory areas, receiving info primarily from opposite ear

Question 67

Aphasia

Answer 67

Language impairment Damage to: Broca's area=disrupts speaking Wernicke's area=speak only meaningless words