Chapter 9

Question 1

A series of recognizable intervals and events in the eukaryotic cells life

Answer 1

Cell cycle

Question 2

The interval between divisions

Answer 2

Interphase

Question 3

Mechanism of nuclear division that maintains the chromosome number

Answer 3

Mitosis

Question 4

Contain two sets of chromosomes

Answer 4

Diploid

Question 5

Cytoplasm divides, four haploid cells result, not a stage of mitosis, but it follows mitosis

Answer 5

Cytoplasmic division

Question 6

Chromosomes that have the same length, shaped and genes (all except sex chromosomes)

Answer 6

Homologous chromosomes

Question 7

Unit of information encoded in a DNA sequence; encodes an RNA or protein product

Answer 7

Gene

Question 8

A duplicated eukaryotic chromosome attached at centromere, composed of identical molecules of DNA (produced by DNA replication)

Answer 8

Sister chromatids

Question 9

Reproductive mode by which offspring are produced by one parent only

Answer 9

Asexual reproduction

Question 10

A temporary structure made of microtubules that move chromosomes during nuclear division

Answer 10

Spindle

Question 11

Process of converting information encoded in DNA sequence of a gene into an RNA or protein

Answer 11

Gene expression

Question 12

Mass of abnormally dividing cells in a tissue

Answer 12

Tumor

Question 13

Gene with a mutation resulting in overstimulation of mitosis — it can transform a normal cell into a tumor cell

Answer 13

Oncogene

Question 14

Group of diseases characterized by malignant cells

Answer 14

Cancer

Question 15

The process in which cells of a malignant tumor break loose from home tissue and invade other parts of the body

Answer 15

Metastasis

Question 16

Different forms of a gene

Answer 16

Alleles

Question 17

Offspring arise from two parents

Answer 17

Sexual reproduction

Question 18

One copy of each chromosome

Answer 18

Haploid

Question 19

Nuclear division that halves the chromosome numebr

Answer 19

Meiosis

Question 20

Process where homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding DNA pieces during meiosis

Answer 20

Crossing over

Question 21

Mature, haploid reproductive cells

Answer 21

Gametes

Question 22

A male game fuses with a female gamete at…

Answer 22

Fertilization

Question 23

The first cell of a new individual organism

Answer 23

Zygote

Question 24

Different chromosomes align independently of each other in Metaphase I

Answer 24

Independent assortment

Question 25

Gametes that get together at fertilization are random

Answer 25

Random fertilization

Question 26

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytoplasmic Division

Answer 26

Three phases of the cell cycle

Question 27

Three stages of interphase and general characteristics of each stage

Answer 27

Three stages of (blank) G1 - Cell grows and produces molecules needed for DNA replication (where cells start life) G0 - Non-dividing state, cells in G1 may temporarily or permanently exit the cell cycle and enter G0. Differentiated cells doing their normal job, like nerve and muscle cells are in G0 S - DNA replication (“S” stands for “Synthesis”) G2 - 2nd interval (gap) when the cell prepares to divide by making proteins and cellular components

Question 28

Four Stages of Mitosis

Answer 28

PMAT Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytoplasmic Division (not a stage of mitosis but it follows it)

Question 29

Prophase - Chromosomes pack into most compact forms - Nuclear envelope breaks up - Spindle forms a temporary structure made of microtubules that move chromosomes during nuclear division - Prophase = “pack” Metaphase - Microtubules push and pull chromosomes - Chromosomes align midway between spindle poles - Metaphase = “middle” Anaphase - sister chromatids detach and move towards opposite sides of cell - when sister chromatids separate, each is an individual, duplicated chromosome - Anaphase = “apart” Telophase - Each set of chromosomes arrives at poles and forms a cluster - nuclear envelope forms around clusters - chromosomes begin unpacking - telophase = “two”

Answer 29

What happens in each stage of mitosis

Question 30

Losing control Cells with these mutations divide when they should not, this can result in tumor formation

Answer 30

How and why tumors form

Question 31

Benign tumors = harmless - grow slowly and stay anchored where they began - example: warts Malignant Tumors - composed of malignant cells: abnormally dividing cells that can invade surrounding tissues - progressively worsen and are dangerous to health - multiple mutations required to turn normal cell to malignant - DNA damage is most common cause In metastasis cells slip into circulatory and lymphatic system and migrate

Answer 31

Difference between benign and malignant tumors, and what happens in metastasis

Question 32

Asexual - offspring are clones - all traits that allowed parent to survive are passed to offspring - faster than sexual reproduction (no need for mate) Sexual - better chance of surviving environmental change - offspring are diverse - offspring inherit new combination of alleles - better chance of not getting harmful mutations

Answer 32

Asexual vs sexual reproduction

Question 33

Meiosis I Prophase 1 Chromosomes pack tightly Nuclear envelope breaks up Homologous chromosomes align tightly with each other Segments of homologous chromosomes may swap (crossing over) Metaphase I Chromosomes align in middle Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes of each pair move away from each other Telophase I Nuclear envelopes form around chromosome sets Chromosome packing loosens Cytoplasmic Division Cytoplasm divides Two haploid cells result (each with duplicated chromosomes) Meiosis II Prophase II Chromosomes pack tightly Nuclear envelope breaks up New spindle forms Microtubules attach sister chromatids of each chromosome o opposite poles Metaphase II Chromosomes align in the middle Anaphase II Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite spindle poles Telophase II Chromosomes reach spindle poles New nuclear envelopes form Chromosome packing loosens Cytoplasmic Division Cytoplasms Divide Four haploid cells result (each with single chromosomes) This is not identical to Mitosis

Answer 33

Stages of meiosis and what happens in each