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Biology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A series of recognizable intervals and events in the eukaryotic cells life

A

Cell cycle

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2
Q

The interval between divisions

A

Interphase

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3
Q

Mechanism of nuclear division that maintains the chromosome number

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

Contain two sets of chromosomes

A

Diploid

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5
Q

Cytoplasm divides, four haploid cells result, not a stage of mitosis, but it follows mitosis

A

Cytoplasmic division

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6
Q

Chromosomes that have the same length, shaped and genes (all except sex chromosomes)

A

Homologous chromosomes

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7
Q

Unit of information encoded in a DNA sequence; encodes an RNA or protein product

A

Gene

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8
Q

A duplicated eukaryotic chromosome attached at centromere, composed of identical molecules of DNA (produced by DNA replication)

A

Sister chromatids

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9
Q

Reproductive mode by which offspring are produced by one parent only

A

Asexual reproduction

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10
Q

A temporary structure made of microtubules that move chromosomes during nuclear division

A

Spindle

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11
Q

Process of converting information encoded in DNA sequence of a gene into an RNA or protein

A

Gene expression

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12
Q

Mass of abnormally dividing cells in a tissue

A

Tumor

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13
Q

Gene with a mutation resulting in overstimulation of mitosis — it can transform a normal cell into a tumor cell

A

Oncogene

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14
Q

Group of diseases characterized by malignant cells

A

Cancer

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15
Q

The process in which cells of a malignant tumor break loose from home tissue and invade other parts of the body

A

Metastasis

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16
Q

Different forms of a gene

A

Alleles

17
Q

Offspring arise from two parents

A

Sexual reproduction

18
Q

One copy of each chromosome

A

Haploid

19
Q

Nuclear division that halves the chromosome numebr

A

Meiosis

20
Q

Process where homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding DNA pieces during meiosis

A

Crossing over

21
Q

Mature, haploid reproductive cells

A

Gametes

22
Q

A male game fuses with a female gamete at…

A

Fertilization

23
Q

The first cell of a new individual organism

A

Zygote

24
Q

Different chromosomes align independently of each other in Metaphase I

A

Independent assortment

25
Q

Gametes that get together at fertilization are random

A

Random fertilization

26
Q

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytoplasmic Division

A

Three phases of the cell cycle

27
Q

Three stages of interphase and general characteristics of each stage

A

Three stages of (blank)
G1
- Cell grows and produces molecules needed for DNA replication (where cells start life)
G0
- Non-dividing state, cells in G1 may temporarily or permanently exit the cell cycle and enter G0. Differentiated cells doing their normal job, like nerve and muscle cells are in G0
S
- DNA replication (“S” stands for “Synthesis”)
G2
- 2nd interval (gap) when the cell prepares to divide by making proteins and cellular components

28
Q

Four Stages of Mitosis

A

PMAT
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytoplasmic Division (not a stage of mitosis but it follows it)

29
Q

Prophase
- Chromosomes pack into most compact forms
- Nuclear envelope breaks up
- Spindle forms a temporary structure made of microtubules that move chromosomes during nuclear division
- Prophase = “pack”
Metaphase
- Microtubules push and pull chromosomes
- Chromosomes align midway between spindle poles
- Metaphase = “middle”
Anaphase
- sister chromatids detach and move towards opposite sides of cell
- when sister chromatids separate, each is an individual, duplicated chromosome
- Anaphase = “apart”
Telophase
- Each set of chromosomes arrives at poles and forms a cluster
- nuclear envelope forms around clusters
- chromosomes begin unpacking
- telophase = “two”

A

What happens in each stage of mitosis

30
Q

Losing control
Cells with these mutations divide when they should not, this can result in tumor formation

A

How and why tumors form

31
Q

Benign tumors = harmless
- grow slowly and stay anchored where they began
- example: warts

Malignant Tumors
- composed of malignant cells: abnormally dividing cells that can invade surrounding tissues
- progressively worsen and are dangerous to health
- multiple mutations required to turn normal cell to malignant
- DNA damage is most common cause
In metastasis cells slip into circulatory and lymphatic system and migrate

A

Difference between benign and malignant tumors, and what happens in metastasis

32
Q

Asexual
- offspring are clones
- all traits that allowed parent to survive are passed to offspring
- faster than sexual reproduction (no need for mate)
Sexual
- better chance of surviving environmental change
- offspring are diverse
- offspring inherit new combination of alleles
- better chance of not getting harmful mutations

A

Asexual vs sexual reproduction

33
Q

Meiosis I
Prophase 1
Chromosomes pack tightly
Nuclear envelope breaks up
Homologous chromosomes align tightly with each other
Segments of homologous chromosomes may swap (crossing over)
Metaphase I
Chromosomes align in middle
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes of each pair move away from each other
Telophase I
Nuclear envelopes form around chromosome sets
Chromosome packing loosens
Cytoplasmic Division
Cytoplasm divides
Two haploid cells result (each with duplicated chromosomes)
Meiosis II
Prophase II
Chromosomes pack tightly
Nuclear envelope breaks up
New spindle forms
Microtubules attach sister chromatids of each chromosome o opposite poles
Metaphase II
Chromosomes align in the middle
Anaphase II
Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite spindle poles
Telophase II
Chromosomes reach spindle poles
New nuclear envelopes form
Chromosome packing loosens
Cytoplasmic Division
Cytoplasms Divide
Four haploid cells result (each with single chromosomes)
This is not identical to Mitosis

A

Stages of meiosis and what happens in each

Biology (11 decks)

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