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Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the fundamental building block of all matter (solid, liquid, gas, and plasma)

A

Atom

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2
Q

Electrical property of some subatomic particles
Opposite _____ attract and like _____ repel

A

Charge

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3
Q

A negatively charged subatomic particle that occupies orbitals around the atomic nucleus

A

Electron

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4
Q

Positively charged subatomic particles are found in the nucleus of all atoms

A

Proton

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5
Q

Uncharged subatomic particles found in the atomic nucleus

A

Neutron

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6
Q

Number of protons in the atomic nucleus

A

Atomic Number

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7
Q

Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an element’s atoms

A

Mass number

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8
Q

A pure substance that consists only of atoms with the same number of protons

A

Element

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9
Q

Forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons their atoms carry

A

Isotopes

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10
Q

Isotope with an unstable nucleus, such as carbon 14

A

Radioisotope

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11
Q

Process by which atoms of a radioisotope spontaneously emit energy (radiation) and subatomic particles when their nucleus disintegrates

A

Radioactive decay

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12
Q

Molecules with radioisotopes attach

Used in research and clinical testing in living organisms to study the way elements move through a system

A

Radio Isotope Tracers

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13
Q

Distribution of electrons in an atom

A

Shell model

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14
Q

solitary atoms that have unpaired electrons

A

Free radical

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15
Q

Atoms that carry a charge because they have an unequal number of protons and electrons

A

Ions

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16
Q

Attractive force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact

A

Chemical bond

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17
Q

Group of two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds

A

Molecule

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18
Q

Molecule that has atoms of more than one element

A

Compound

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19
Q

Strong mutual attraction formed between ions of opposite charge

A

Ionic Bond

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20
Q

Any separation of charge into distinct positive and negative regions

A

Polarity

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21
Q

Two atoms sharing a pair of electrons

Multiple ______ bonds may form between two atoms

A

Covalent Bond

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22
Q

Atoms share electrons unequally

A

Polar Covalent Bond

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23
Q

Atoms share electrons equally

A

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

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24
Q

An attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom that is part of another covalent bond

A

Hydrogen Bond

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25
Q

Liquid that can dissolve other substances

A

Solvent

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26
Q

A substance that dissolves easily in water

A

Hydrophilic

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27
Q

A substance that resists dissolving in water

A

Hydrophobic

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28
Q

Compound that dissolves easily in water and releases ions other than H+ and OH-

A

Salt

29
Q

A dissolved substance

A

Solute

30
Q

A homogeneous mixture such as salt dissolved in water

A

Solution

31
Q

The tendency of molecules to stick together

A

Cohesion

32
Q

Transition of liquid to gas

Absorbs heat energy (cooling effect)

A

Evaporation

33
Q

A measure of the concentration of H+ in a solution
The more H+ ions, the lower the pH
Pure water has a neutral pH (pH=7)

A

Ph

34
Q

A substance that releases H+ ions
pH less than 7

A

Acid

34
Q

A substance that accepts H+ ios
pH greater than 7

A

Base

35
Q

A type of molecule that consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms

A

Organic

36
Q

Set of chemicals that keep pH stable by alternately donating and accepting ions

A

Buffers

37
Q

Molecules that are subunits of polymers

A

Monomers

38
Q

molecules that consist of multiple monomers

A

Polymer

39
Q

Processes of molecular change

Enzyme-driven reactions construct large molecules from smaller subunits and break large molecules into smaller ones

A

Reactions

40
Q

A molecule that speeds up a reaction without being changed by it

A

Enzyme

41
Q

All enzyme-mediated reactions within cells to acquire and use energy to stay alive, grow, and reproduce

A

Metabolism

42
Q

Molecule of Life

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

43
Q

organic molecules used for energy and structural materials

Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in 1:2:1 ratio

A

Carbohydrates

44
Q

The simplest sugar usually has a 5- or 6- carbon backbone. Also known as simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides

45
Q

Short chains of monosaccharides

A

Oligosaccharides

46
Q

Chains of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

47
Q

Consists of a long chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end

A

Fatty Acid

48
Q

Has only single bonds linking carbons in its tail

A

Saturated Fatty Acid

49
Q

Has at least one double bond between carbons in its tail

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

50
Q

A lipid with three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol backbone

A

Triglyceride

51
Q

the most abundant source of energy in vertebrates

A

Fats

52
Q

Triglyceride with three saturated fatty acid tails
Firm at room temperature (tails pack together tight)

A

Saturated Fats

53
Q

Triglyceride with one or more unsaturated fatty acid tails
Most are liquid at room temperature (Tails cannot pack tightly together)

A

Unsaturated Fats

54
Q

A main structural component of cell membranes

A

Phospholipids

55
Q

Structural foundation of all cell membranes

A

Lipid Bilayer

56
Q

Water-repellent lipid with long fatty-acid tails to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings

A

Wax

57
Q

A type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails

A

Steroid

58
Q

Organic compound that consists of one or more chains of amino acids (polypeptides)

A

Protein

59
Q

Small organic compound with a carboxyl group, amine group, and a characteristic side group (R)

A

Amino Acid

60
Q

Covalent bonds that link amino acids in a chain

A

Peptide Bonds

61
Q

Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

A

Polypeptide

62
Q

The order of amino acids in protein

A

Primary Structure

63
Q

Helices (coils) and sheets connected by loops and tight turns

A

Secondary Structure

64
Q

Folding of helices and sheets into compact domains

A

Tertiary structure

65
Q

two or more polypeptide chains that are closely associated or covalently bonded together

A

Quaternary structure

66
Q

To unravel the shape of a protein or other large biological molecule

A

Denature

67
Q

A misfolded protein that becomes infectious

A

Prion

68
Q

The monomer of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotide

Biology (7 decks)

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