Chapter 2

Question 1

the fundamental building block of all matter (solid, liquid, gas, and plasma)

Answer 1

Atom

Question 2

Electrical property of some subatomic particles
Opposite _____ attract and like _____ repel

Answer 2

Charge

Question 3

A negatively charged subatomic particle that occupies orbitals around the atomic nucleus

Answer 3

Electron

Question 4

Positively charged subatomic particles are found in the nucleus of all atoms

Answer 4

Proton

Question 5

Uncharged subatomic particles found in the atomic nucleus

Answer 5

Neutron

Question 6

Number of protons in the atomic nucleus

Answer 6

Atomic Number

Question 7

Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an element’s atoms

Answer 7

Mass number

Question 8

A pure substance that consists only of atoms with the same number of protons

Answer 8

Element

Question 9

Forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons their atoms carry

Answer 9

Isotopes

Question 10

Isotope with an unstable nucleus, such as carbon 14

Answer 10

Radioisotope

Question 11

Process by which atoms of a radioisotope spontaneously emit energy (radiation) and subatomic particles when their nucleus disintegrates

Answer 11

Radioactive decay

Question 12

Molecules with radioisotopes attach

Used in research and clinical testing in living organisms to study the way elements move through a system

Answer 12

Radio Isotope Tracers

Question 13

Distribution of electrons in an atom

Answer 13

Shell model

Question 14

solitary atoms that have unpaired electrons

Answer 14

Free radical

Question 15

Atoms that carry a charge because they have an unequal number of protons and electrons

Answer 15

Ions

Question 16

Attractive force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact

Answer 16

Chemical bond

Question 17

Group of two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds

Answer 17

Molecule

Question 18

Molecule that has atoms of more than one element

Answer 18

Compound

Question 19

Strong mutual attraction formed between ions of opposite charge

Answer 19

Ionic Bond

Question 20

Any separation of charge into distinct positive and negative regions

Answer 20

Polarity

Question 21

Two atoms sharing a pair of electrons

Multiple ______ bonds may form between two atoms

Answer 21

Covalent Bond

Question 22

Atoms share electrons unequally

Answer 22

Polar Covalent Bond

Question 23

Atoms share electrons equally

Answer 23

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Question 24

An attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom that is part of another covalent bond

Answer 24

Hydrogen Bond

Question 25

Liquid that can dissolve other substances

Answer 25

Solvent

Question 26

A substance that dissolves easily in water

Answer 26

Hydrophilic

Question 27

A substance that resists dissolving in water

Answer 27

Hydrophobic

Question 28

Compound that dissolves easily in water and releases ions other than H+ and OH-

Answer 28

Salt

Question 29

A dissolved substance

Answer 29

Solute

Question 30

A homogeneous mixture such as salt dissolved in water

Answer 30

Solution

Question 31

The tendency of molecules to stick together

Answer 31

Cohesion

Question 32

Transition of liquid to gas Absorbs heat energy (cooling effect)

Answer 32

Evaporation

Question 33

A measure of the concentration of H+ in a solution The more H+ ions, the lower the pH Pure water has a neutral pH (pH=7)

Answer 33

Ph

Question 34

A substance that releases H+ ions pH less than 7

Answer 34

Acid

Question 34

A substance that accepts H+ ios pH greater than 7

Answer 34

Base

Question 35

A type of molecule that consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Answer 35

Organic

Question 36

Set of chemicals that keep pH stable by alternately donating and accepting ions

Answer 36

Buffers

Question 37

Molecules that are subunits of polymers

Answer 37

Monomers

Question 38

molecules that consist of multiple monomers

Answer 38

Polymer

Question 39

Processes of molecular change Enzyme-driven reactions construct large molecules from smaller subunits and break large molecules into smaller ones

Answer 39

Reactions

Question 40

A molecule that speeds up a reaction without being changed by it

Answer 40

Enzyme

Question 41

All enzyme-mediated reactions within cells to acquire and use energy to stay alive, grow, and reproduce

Answer 41

Metabolism

Question 42

Molecule of Life

Answer 42

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Question 43

organic molecules used for energy and structural materials Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in 1:2:1 ratio

Answer 43

Carbohydrates

Question 44

The simplest sugar usually has a 5- or 6- carbon backbone. Also known as simple sugars

Answer 44

Monosaccharides

Question 45

Short chains of monosaccharides

Answer 45

Oligosaccharides

Question 46

Chains of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides

Answer 46

Polysaccharides

Question 47

Consists of a long chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end

Answer 47

Fatty Acid

Question 48

Has only single bonds linking carbons in its tail

Answer 48

Saturated Fatty Acid

Question 49

Has at least one double bond between carbons in its tail

Answer 49

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Question 50

A lipid with three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol backbone

Answer 50

Triglyceride

Question 51

the most abundant source of energy in vertebrates

Answer 51

Fats

Question 52

Triglyceride with three saturated fatty acid tails Firm at room temperature (tails pack together tight)

Answer 52

Saturated Fats

Question 53

Triglyceride with one or more unsaturated fatty acid tails Most are liquid at room temperature (Tails cannot pack tightly together)

Answer 53

Unsaturated Fats

Question 54

A main structural component of cell membranes

Answer 54

Phospholipids

Question 55

Structural foundation of all cell membranes

Answer 55

Lipid Bilayer

Question 56

Water-repellent lipid with long fatty-acid tails to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings

Answer 56

Wax

Question 57

A type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails

Answer 57

Steroid

Question 58

Organic compound that consists of one or more chains of amino acids (polypeptides)

Answer 58

Protein

Question 59

Small organic compound with a carboxyl group, amine group, and a characteristic side group (R)

Answer 59

Amino Acid

Question 60

Covalent bonds that link amino acids in a chain

Answer 60

Peptide Bonds

Question 61

Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Answer 61

Polypeptide

Question 62

The order of amino acids in protein

Answer 62

Primary Structure

Question 63

Helices (coils) and sheets connected by loops and tight turns

Answer 63

Secondary Structure

Question 64

Folding of helices and sheets into compact domains

Answer 64

Tertiary structure

Question 65

two or more polypeptide chains that are closely associated or covalently bonded together

Answer 65

Quaternary structure

Question 66

To unravel the shape of a protein or other large biological molecule

Answer 66

Denature

Question 67

A misfolded protein that becomes infectious

Answer 67

Prion

Question 68

The monomer of nucleic acids

Answer 68

Nucleotide