Chapter 7 Flashcards
Process in which cells become different during development, caused by them using different subsets of DNA
Differentiation
The order of nucleotide bases in a DNA strand
DNA Sequence
Condensed structure of DNA inside cell
Chromosome
After duplication, a chromosome is two identical DNA molecules attached at a region called the…
Centromere
Two identical halves of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome
Sister Chromatids
Sum of all chromosomes in a cell of a given type
Chromosome number
Cells with two sets of chromosomes
Diploid
Image of an individual cells chromosomes
Karyotype
Paired chromosomes that are the same in females and males with the same length, shape and centromere location
Autosomes
Members of a pair of chromosomes that differ between males and females, and determine an individuals sex
Sex chromosomes
The process in which a cell copies its chromosome
DNA replication
Enzyme that carries out DNA synthesis during replication
DNA polymerase
Short single strand of DNA where DNA polymerase attaches
Primer
A permanent charge in the DNA sequence of a chromosome
Mutation
1.) transmit complete genetic information from one generation to the next
2.) be found in the same amounts in cells of a given species
3.) be exempt from major metabolic change: quantity should not change over time in cells of a given time
4.) be capable of storing the huge amount of information required to build a new individual
Properties of a hereditary material
Has three components
- one nitrogen-containing base
- one five carbon sugar
- Phosphate groups
Components of nucleotides
- Adenine (A)
- Thymine (T)
- Guanine (G)
- Cytosine (C)
Four types of nucleotides
Base of each nucleotide on one strand pairs with suitable partner on the other
- A pairs with T (letters made of only straight lines)
- G pairs with C (letters that have curves)
Complementary base pairing
1.) As DNA replication begins, enzyme pry apart the two DNA strands
2.) Primers base-pair with DNA strands
3.) DNA polymerase uses each strand as a template to assemble new strands of DNA from free nucleotides
4.) DNA ligase seals any gaps to form a continuous strand
5.) Two double-stranded molecules of DNA have formed
Process of DNA Synthesis
DNA mutations can arise from both internal errors during DNA replication and external environmental factors, known as mutagens.
Source of DNA mutation, which ones are from environmental damage, and how each leads to mutation
James Watson and Francis Crick they determined it to be a double helix, they used evidence from other scientists Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
Discoverers of DNA structure and what they found
It’s a double helix formed from two complementary strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between C-G and A-T base pairs.
Anatomy of DNA molecule
