Chapter 18

Question 1

all populations of all species in an area

Answer 1

Community

Question 2

the number of species and their relative abundance within a community

Answer 2

Species diversity

Question 3

types of species and their abundance, as well as their interactions

Answer 3

Community structure

Question 4

the type of environment in which a species lives

Answer 4

Habitat

Question 5

Ecological role of a species in its community, the conditions and resources it requires, and interactions it takes part in

Answer 5

Niche

Question 6

one species benefits by extracting resources from another, which is harmed as a result

Answer 6

Antagonistic interactions

Question 7

Any type of close or long-lasting biological interaction

Answer 7

Symbiosis

Question 8

competition between members of different species, harms both participants

Answer 8

Interspecific competition

Question 9

members of one species actively prevent members of another species from using a resource

Answer 9

Interference competition

Question 10

neither species tries to fend off one another

Answer 10

Exploitation Competition

Question 11

one species captures, kills, and eats another Exert selective pressure on one another

Answer 11

Predation

Question 12

distinctive color or pattern that makes a well-defended prey species easy to recognize

Answer 12

Warning coloration

Question 13

two or more species come to resemble one another

Answer 13

Mimicry

Question 14

body shape, pattern, or behavior that allows an individual to blend into their surroundings

Answer 14

Camouflage

Question 15

an animal feeds on a plant, which may or may not die as a result

Answer 15

Herbivory

Question 16

One species (parasite) lives and feeds on another (host)

Answer 16

Parasitism

Question 17

species interaction that benefits one species and has no effect on the other

Answer 17

Commensalism

Question 18

Species interactions that benefit both species

Answer 18

Mutualism

Question 19

a change in community structure, in which the array of species shifts gradually

Answer 19

Ecological succession

Question 20

Occurs in habitats that lack soil and have few or no existing species

Answer 20

Primary succession

Question 21

occurs after a disturbance removes the natural array of species, but not the soil

Answer 21

Secondary Succession

Question 22

species that can colonize a new habitat

Answer 22

pioneer species

Question 23

a species with a disproportionately large effect on community structure relative to its abundance

Answer 23

Keystone species

Question 24

a species that was introduced to a new habitat and became established there

Answer 24

Exotic species

Question 25

an exotic species that disrupts the structure of its adopted community

Answer 25

Invasive species

Question 26

a community of organisms and its environment

Answer 26

Ecosystem

Question 27

capture light or chemical energy and make their food from inorganic materials in the environment

Answer 27

Producers

Question 28

eat other organisms or their remains

Answer 28

Consumers

Question 29

consumers that feed on small bits of organic material

Answer 29

Detritivores

Question 30

consumers that break organic remains into their
inorganic building blocks

Answer 30

Decomposers

Question 31

Position an organism occupies in its feeding relationships

Answer 31

Trophic level

Question 32

one sequence of steps by which energy captured by producers moves to higher trophic levels

Answer 32

Food chain

Question 33

system of cross-connecting food chains

Answer 33

Food web

Question 34

the capture and storage of energy by an ecosystem’s producers

Answer 34

Primary production

Question 35

a diagram that illustrates the proportion of energy captured by producers that reach higher trophic levels

Answer 35

Energy pyramid

Question 36

a toxin becomes increasingly concentrated as it moves up the food chain

Answer 36

Biological Magnification

Question 37

Cycle in which a nutrient moves among environmental reservoirs, and into and out of food webs

Answer 37

Biogeochemical cycle

Question 38

Moves water from the ocean into the atmosphere, onto land, and freshwater systems, and back to the ocean, its main reservoir

Answer 38

Water cycle

Question 39

evaporation of water from aboveground parts of plants

Answer 39

Transpiration

Question 40

water in the soil and aquifers

Answer 40

Groundwater

Question 41

movement of phosphorus among rocks, water, soil, and food webs

Answer 41

Phosphorus cycle

Question 42

movement of nitrogen among the atmosphere, soil, water, and food webs

Answer 42

Nitrogen cycle

Question 43

Some soil bacteria convert nitrogen gas to ammonium

Answer 43

Nitrogen fixation

Question 44

movement of carbon among rocks, water, the atmosphere, and food webs

Answer 44

Carbon cycle

Question 45

change in global rainfall patterns, average temperature, and other climate factors resulting from a change in average global temperature

Answer 45

Global climate change

Question 46

Nonbiological Factors that impact community structure

Answer 46

Sunlight intensity
Rainfall amounts
Temperature
All of the above varies with latitude and elevation
Light intensity, temperature, and pressure also vary with depths in aquatic environments

Question 47

Biological factors that impact community structure

Answer 47

Evolutionary history and adaptations of species in a common influence community structure
Habitat: the type of environment in which a species lives
Niche: Ecological role of a species in its community, the conditions and resources it requires, and interactions it takes part in

Question 48

Human impacts on carbon system

Answer 48

Burning of fossil fuels
Increasing atmospheric CO2
Greenhouse effect
Global climate change

Question 49

Link between Greenhouse gasses, Green house effect and Global warming

Answer 49

Green house gasses causes the green house effect which warms the lower atmosphere and causes global warming