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Psy 101 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

refers to persistence of learning over time, through storage and retrieval of information and skills

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2
Q

Behaviors that show memory is functioning

A

Recall
Recognition
Relearning

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3
Q

Recall

A

analogous to “fill-in-the-blank” retrieve info previously learned and unconsciously stored

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4
Q

Recognition

A

form of “multiple choice”
identify which stimuli match stored information

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5
Q

Relearning

A

Measure of how much less work it takes you to learn information you’d studied before, even if you don’t recall having seen the information before

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6
Q

How does memory work?
3 steps

A

Encoding, storage, retrieval

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7
Q

Encoding

A

information gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be stored

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8
Q

Storage

A

information held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved

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9
Q

Retrieval

A

Reactivating and recalling the information producing in similar form to what was encoded

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10
Q

Models of memory formation
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A
  1. Stimuli recorded in senses and birefly held in sensory memory
  2. Some information processed into short term memory and encoded through rehearsal
  3. information then moves to long term memory where it can be retrieved later
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11
Q

From stimuli to short term memory

A

some stimuli picked up by senses and processed by sensory organs; generates info which enters sensory mem.
Before info vanishes from sensory mem. we select details to pau attention to and send info into working mem./other processing

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12
Q

Phonological loop

A

Contains auditory information; tend to repeat info over and over
component of working memory

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13
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

Holds visual impressions
component of working memory

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14
Q

Episodic buffer

A

Contains more integrated info, spanning across the senses
component of working memory

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15
Q

Explicit memories

A

“declarative”
facts and experiences consciously known/recalled
acquire info through effortful processing
studying, rehearsing, etc.

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16
Q

Implicit memories

A

not fully aware so don’t “declare” or talk about
formed through automatic processing
without awareness of building memory

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17
Q

procedural memory
(automatic processing)

A

how to ride a bike
well-practiced knowledge such as word meanings

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18
Q

Conditioned associations
(automatic processing)

A

smell that triggers thoughts of favorite place

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19
Q

Info abt space, time, frequency
(automatic processing)

A

picture where things are, retrace sequence of events, “i just noticed this is the 3rd time today”

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20
Q

Sensory memory

A

immediate, very brief recording of sensory info

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21
Q

Echoic memory

A

auditory sensory memory
memory can occur after someone says “what did I just say?”
can retrieve about last 8 words

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22
Q

Information held in short term memory

A

can hold 7 +/- 2 information bits

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23
Q

Semantic processing

A

recall more/differently
hear word -> encode meaning

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24
Q

Working memory

A

uses rehearsal, focus, linking, etc.
has greater capacity than short term memory

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25
Q

Effortful processing stratedgy

A

a way to encode info into memory and keep from decaying/make easier to retrieve
studying

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26
Q

Primary effect

A

first few words in list

27
Q

Recency effect

A

last few words in list (most recent)

28
Q

Serial position effect

A

People tend to remember first and last things in list
“muddy middle”

29
Q

Storage occurs in the brain

A

by changing how neurons link to each other to make well-used networks easier to activate together

30
Q

Explicit memory processing

A

facts, stories, meaning
directed by the frontal lobe
facilitated by the hippocampus, events and facts held there for a couple days before consolidating

31
Q

Consolidating

A

moving to other parts of brain for long term storage
much occurs during sleep

32
Q

Implicit memory processing

A

include skills, procedures, conditioned associations
Cerebellum forms and stores conditioned responses
Basal Ganglia controls movement, forms and stores procedural memory and motor skills

33
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

emotionally intense events that become “burned in” as a vivid-seeming memories
strong emotions can strengthen memory formation

34
Q

Long term memory

A

LTM
the ability to store and retrieve information over a long period of time

35
Q

Memory retrieval

A

Recall, recognition, relearning

36
Q

retrieval cues

A

stores as web of associations

37
Q

context-dependent memory

A

part of web of associations
retrieve memories more easily when in the same context as when we first formed the memory

38
Q

State-dependent memory

A

memories can be tied to emotional state when we formed the memory

39
Q

mood-congruent memory

A

tendency to selectively recall details consistent with ones current mood

40
Q

why forgetting can be good

A

could not prioritize important memories
may have difficulty abstractly and making connections if brain devoted to compiling info

41
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

inability to retrieve memory of the past
caused by head injury/emotional trauma
can be caused by more severe brain damage; may include anterograde amnesia

42
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to form new long-term declarative/explicit memories

43
Q

Storage decay

A

Material encoded into long term memory will decay if never used, recalled, and restored
unused connections and networks wither
decay tends to level off after rapid decay
what hasn’t decayed quickly tends to stay intact in the long term

44
Q

Retrieval failure

A

“tip of the tongue”
associations and links that help us find our way to the memory decay

45
Q

Positive transfer

A

Old info makes it easier to learn new info
algebra -> calculus

46
Q

Proactive interference

A

past info interferes ( in a forward acting way) with learning new info
had to change password but keep using the old one and forgetting the new one

47
Q

Retroactive interference

A

new stimuli/learning interferes with old learning
learning new password makes it difficult to remember the old one
sleep can help protect memories from retroactive interference

48
Q

Constructed memory

A

imagined, selected, changed, rebuilt

49
Q

Memories altered

A

memories altered (actually reconstruct) every time we “recall”
altered again when we reconsolidate memory
later info alters earlier memory

50
Q

the misinformation effect

A

incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event

51
Q

Imagination inflation

A

picturing an event can make it seem real
once we have an inaccurate memory we tend to add more imagined details
visualizing and actually seeing activate similar parts of the brain

52
Q

Implanted memories

A

false memories created by giving people false information about their lives

53
Q

Source amnesia

A

forgetting where the story came from and attributing the source to your own experience

54
Q

seven “sins” of memory

A

blocking
absentmindedness
transience
bias
leading question
misattribution
persistence

55
Q

Blocking

A

Inability to retrieve fact you know you know, but the memory seems blocked

56
Q

Absentmindedness

A

Lapses of attention or forgetting to do things

57
Q

Transience

A

fading memories

58
Q

Bias

A

distorting old memories to fit current beliefs or knowledge

59
Q

Leading question

A

retrieved memories vulnerable to suggestion, like when incorporating misinformation presenting in a leading question

60
Q

Misattribution

A

attributing remembered detail to the wrong source

61
Q

Persistence

A

unpleasant memories linger and intrude into our thoughts

62
Q

Sin of omission

A

failure to perform (remember)

63
Q

Sin of commission

A

act done intentionally or unintentionally (altering memories)

Psy 101 (13 decks)

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