Chapter 6 Flashcards
Perception
Organizing and interprets sensory informationB
Sensation
Process by which sensory receptors retrieve, transmit, and represent stimuli.
Receive input
Bottom-up processing
taking sensory information then assembling and integrating
Top-down processing
Using models, ideas, expectations to interpret sensory information
context clues
Reception
Stimulation of sensory receptor cells
Transduction
transforms cell stimulation to neural impulses
Transmission
delivering neural information to brain to be processed
Subliminal
below threshold for being able to consciously detect a stimulus
cannot learn complex info can be “primed”
“primed”
affect subsequent choices.
May look longer at a side of paper that’s just shown a nude image for an instant.
Also capable of being primed by stimuli that is more salient (aware of subconsciously)
hot cold hiring
Vision
Energy, sensation, and perception
Waves of electromagnetic radiation, eyes respond and brain turns wave sensations into colors
Color/hue and brightness
perceive wavelength/frequency of electromagnetic waves as color or hue
Height/Amplitude of electromagnetic waves
Color or hue
Great amplitude ; bright colors
Small amplitude : dull colors
Wavelength of electromagnetic waves
Intensity or brightness
Short wavelength( High frequency) ; bluish colors
Long wavelength (low frequency) ; reddish colors
The eye
lens, pupil, iris, cornea, retina, fovea, optic nerve, blind spot
make illustration and label
How images pass through the eye
Light passes through cornea and pupil, focused and inverted by lens, light lands on retina and begins process of neural transduction into neural impulses through the optic nerve.
Lens rigidity
lens is not rigid, accommodated by changing shape to focus on near or far objects
photoreceptors
rods and cons, retina triggers change in receptors and sends messages
Rods
Black and white, peripheral, dark
20x more than cones
Cones
Sharp colorful details in bright light
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (Three-color) Theory
3 types of color receptor cones (red, green, and blue)
All colors perceived are created by light waves stimulating different combinations of cones
Color Blindness
People missing red or green cones have trouble differentiating between them
Opponent-process theory
neural process of perceiving white as opposite of black
yellow vs. blue
red vs. green
fatiguing perception of one makes blank slide look like oppositeH
Frequency of hearing
Perception of pitch
low frequency ; low pitch
high frequency ; high pitch
Amplitude of hearing
Perception of loudness
high amp ; loud sound
low amp ; soft sound
Complexity of hearing
perception of timbre (quality)
Simple ; pure tone
Complex ; Complex (mix) tone
Outer ear
Collects sound and funnels to eardrum
Middle ear
sound waves hit eardrum and move hammer, anvil, and stirrup that amplify vibrations, stirrup sends vibrations to oval window of cochlea
Inner ear
Waves of fluid move from oval window over cochlea’s “hair” receptor cells, sends signal through auditory nerve to temporal lobe.
Conduction hearing loss
When middle ear isn’t conducting sound well to the cohlea
Sensorineural hearing loss
When receptor cells aren’t sending messages through the auditory nerves
Preventing hearing loss
limit exposure to loud noises over 85 decibels and treat infections
Conduction hearing loss treatment
Hearing aids
Sensorineural hearing loss treatment
Cochlear implant
translates sound waves into electrical signals to be sent to the brain
Touch
expresses and sense feelings
show affection, comfort, and support
detecting environment
Social contagion
We feel more pain if other people are experiencing pain or due to empathy/mirroring or shared belief an experience is painful
Cultural influences
We may not pay attention as much to pain if we see a high level of pain endurance as the norm
Controlling/managing pain
drugs, acupuncture, electrical stimulation, exercise, hypnosis, placebo, distraction, etc.
Taste
Tongues have receptors for 5 different types of tastes
sweet; energy source
sour; potentially toxic acid
umami (savoriness); proteins to grow and repair tissue
bitter; potential poisons
salty; sodium essential to physiological processes
Neurochemistry of taste
No regions of the tongue, only different taste receptor cells projecting hairs into each taste buds pore
reproduce every week or two
top-down processes can still override neurochem
