Chapter 6

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

Organizing and interprets sensory informationB

Question 2

Sensation

Answer 2

Process by which sensory receptors retrieve, transmit, and represent stimuli.
Receive input

Question 3

Bottom-up processing

Answer 3

taking sensory information then assembling and integrating

Question 4

Top-down processing

Answer 4

Using models, ideas, expectations to interpret sensory information
context clues

Question 5

Reception

Answer 5

Stimulation of sensory receptor cells

Question 6

Transduction

Answer 6

transforms cell stimulation to neural impulses

Question 7

Transmission

Answer 7

delivering neural information to brain to be processed

Question 8

Subliminal

Answer 8

below threshold for being able to consciously detect a stimulus
cannot learn complex info can be “primed”

Question 9

“primed”

Answer 9

affect subsequent choices.
May look longer at a side of paper that’s just shown a nude image for an instant.
Also capable of being primed by stimuli that is more salient (aware of subconsciously)
hot cold hiring

Question 10

Vision

Answer 10

Energy, sensation, and perception
Waves of electromagnetic radiation, eyes respond and brain turns wave sensations into colors

Question 11

Color/hue and brightness

Answer 11

perceive wavelength/frequency of electromagnetic waves as color or hue

Question 12

Height/Amplitude of electromagnetic waves

Answer 12

Color or hue
Great amplitude ; bright colors
Small amplitude : dull colors

Question 13

Wavelength of electromagnetic waves

Answer 13

Intensity or brightness
Short wavelength( High frequency) ; bluish colors
Long wavelength (low frequency) ; reddish colors

Question 14

The eye

Answer 14

lens, pupil, iris, cornea, retina, fovea, optic nerve, blind spot
make illustration and label

Question 15

How images pass through the eye

Answer 15

Light passes through cornea and pupil, focused and inverted by lens, light lands on retina and begins process of neural transduction into neural impulses through the optic nerve.

Question 16

Lens rigidity

Answer 16

lens is not rigid, accommodated by changing shape to focus on near or far objects

Question 17

photoreceptors

Answer 17

rods and cons, retina triggers change in receptors and sends messages

Question 18

Rods

Answer 18

Black and white, peripheral, dark
20x more than cones

Question 19

Cones

Answer 19

Sharp colorful details in bright light

Question 20

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (Three-color) Theory

Answer 20

3 types of color receptor cones (red, green, and blue)
All colors perceived are created by light waves stimulating different combinations of cones

Question 21

Color Blindness

Answer 21

People missing red or green cones have trouble differentiating between them

Question 22

Opponent-process theory

Answer 22

neural process of perceiving white as opposite of black
yellow vs. blue
red vs. green
fatiguing perception of one makes blank slide look like oppositeH

Question 23

Frequency of hearing

Answer 23

Perception of pitch
low frequency ; low pitch
high frequency ; high pitch

Question 24

Amplitude of hearing

Answer 24

Perception of loudness
high amp ; loud sound
low amp ; soft sound

Question 25

Complexity of hearing

Answer 25

perception of timbre (quality)
Simple ; pure tone
Complex ; Complex (mix) tone

Question 26

Outer ear

Answer 26

Collects sound and funnels to eardrum

Question 27

Middle ear

Answer 27

sound waves hit eardrum and move hammer, anvil, and stirrup that amplify vibrations, stirrup sends vibrations to oval window of cochlea

Question 28

Inner ear

Answer 28

Waves of fluid move from oval window over cochlea’s “hair” receptor cells, sends signal through auditory nerve to temporal lobe.

Question 29

Conduction hearing loss

Answer 29

When middle ear isn’t conducting sound well to the cohlea

Question 30

Sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 30

When receptor cells aren’t sending messages through the auditory nerves

Question 31

Preventing hearing loss

Answer 31

limit exposure to loud noises over 85 decibels and treat infections

Question 32

Conduction hearing loss treatment

Answer 32

Hearing aids

Question 33

Sensorineural hearing loss treatment

Answer 33

Cochlear implant
translates sound waves into electrical signals to be sent to the brain

Question 34

Touch

Answer 34

expresses and sense feelings
show affection, comfort, and support
detecting environment

Question 35

Social contagion

Answer 35

We feel more pain if other people are experiencing pain or due to empathy/mirroring or shared belief an experience is painful

Question 36

Cultural influences

Answer 36

We may not pay attention as much to pain if we see a high level of pain endurance as the norm

Question 37

Controlling/managing pain

Answer 37

drugs, acupuncture, electrical stimulation, exercise, hypnosis, placebo, distraction, etc.

Question 38

Taste

Answer 38

Tongues have receptors for 5 different types of tastes
sweet; energy source
sour; potentially toxic acid
umami (savoriness); proteins to grow and repair tissue
bitter; potential poisons
salty; sodium essential to physiological processes

Question 39

Neurochemistry of taste

Answer 39

No regions of the tongue, only different taste receptor cells projecting hairs into each taste buds pore
reproduce every week or two
top-down processes can still override neurochem