Chapter 7 Flashcards
Consciousness
alertness : awake vs unconscious
having free will
mental content
“our awareness of ourselves and our environment”
The dual track mind
conscious and unconscious track
conscious “high” track mind
minds take deliberate actions, we know what we’re doing
unconscious “low” track mind
our minds perform automatic actions, often without being aware of them
How do we know about sleep and dreams
monitor EEG/brain waves during sleep
expose sleeping person to stimuli and measure effect
Circadian rhythm
“about a day rhythm”
bodies natural 24 hr cycle
Sleep stages
distinct patterns of brain waves and muscle activity that are associated with different types of consciousness and sleep
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Sleep cycles
Patterns of shifting through all the sleep stages over the course of the night
we cycle through all sleep stages in about 90 minutes on average
Beta waves
aware, attentive
Alpha waves
awake, inattentive
NREM
non rem sleep stages
1-3 gets more relaxed
10 mins
not dreaming
REM
Rapid eye movement
heart rate rises and rapid breathing
Eugene Aserinsky discovery (1953)
Sleep paralysis
when brainstem blocks motor cortex messages and muscles dont move
Paradoxical sleep
brain active, body imobile
how sleep differs
age :newborns need a lot, older people need less
genetics
culture: north Americans sleep less
circadian rhythm
Why do we need sleep; niche adaptation
adaption to day/night activity
forces animal to conform to well adapted niche
why do we need sleep; energy conservation
we use less energy when we’re asleep
wild animals need to conserve calories
smaller animals sleep more because of greater heat loss
why do we need sleep; memory consolidation
brain “burns in” memories from waking hours
why do we need sleep; body restoration
sleep restores body after waking activity toll
Sleep hygiene
- turn lights off
- eat earlier/drink less caffeine
- Get up at the same time everyday
- exercise
- dont check clock
- get counselling
- sleep tracking
Insomnia
persistent inability to fall or stay asleep
Narcolepsy
“numb seizure”
sleep attacks at inopportune times
Sleep apnea
“with no breath”
repeated awakening after breathing stops; not restorative
night terrors
sudden scared looking behavior
sleepwalking/talking
run in families
importance of sleep
helps young children fight microbial infections, rest, memory, etc
Hypnosis
hypnotist suggests another person will experience particular perceptions/engage in social behaviors
“mesmerism” - renamed to distance from mesmers magnet idea
Stages of hypnosis
induction of hypnotic state
suggestion of experience
trance theory
altered state of consciousness that allows people to be more flexible in experiences and behavior
social theory
trying to accommodate hypnotist
Meditation
practice of focusing attention in order to relax body/mind/reduce stress
Psychoactive drugs
chemicals introduced to body that alter perception mood and others
Tolerance
diminished psychoactive effects after repeated use of drug
Withdrawal
painful symptoms in body adjusting to absence of drug
Dependence
physical - body altered in ways that create drug cravings (withdrawal)
psychological - drug becomes “needed” to relax, socialize, sleep
Depressents
reduce neural activity/body function
alcohol, opiates, barbiturates
Stimulants
intensify neural activity/body function
caffeine, nicotine, meth, coke
Hallucinogens
interfere with serotonin transmission -> causes hallucinations
LSD, Marijuana
Factors that turn drug use into dependence
Biological: genes, dependence in relatives, thrill-seeking childhood
Psychological: seeking gratification, depression, problems with assessing risks/costs
Social: media glorification, observing peers
