Chapter 14

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

an individuals characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors persisting over time and across situations

Question 1

Freud’s path to developing psychoanalysis

Answer 1

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
decided to explore how mental and physical symptoms could be caused by psychological factors

Question 2

Free association

Answer 2

psychoanalysis technique
encouraged patient to speak whatever comes to mind and the therapist traces a flow of thoughts into the past and unconscious

Question 3

Freud’s personality/mind iceberg

Answer 3

Personality develops from ego resolving tension between id and superego
ego at top
preconscious on water
superego and id in water

Question 4

Ego

Answer 4

mostly conscious
rational self

Question 5

id

Answer 5

unconscious energy
biological drives

Question 6

superego

Answer 6

internalized ideals
societies rules and constraints

Question 7

Preconscious

Answer 7

outside awareness, accessible unconscious mind

Question 8

Humanistic Theory of Personality

Answer 8

in the 1960’s some psychologists began to reject dehumanizing ideas in behaviorism
Studied healthy people
focused on conditioned that support healthy personal growth (humanism)

Question 9

Maslow

Answer 9

the self actualizing person
pyramid of needs

Question 10

self actualization

Answer 10

fulfilling ones potential, and self-transcendence

Question 11

Rogers person centered perspective

Answer 11

people have natural tendencies to grow and move toward self actualization
3 conditions facilitate
1. Genuineness
2. Acceptance
3. Empathy

Question 12

Self concept

Answer 12

core of personality
sense of nature and identity

Question 13

Trait theory of personality

Answer 13

Gordon Allport disagrees with Freud
MBTI (myers briggs type indicator) shows how people differ in traits
made up of a collection of traits and behavioral predispositions that can be identified and measured

Question 14

Trait

Answer 14

An enduring quality that makes a person tend to act a certain way

Question 15

The big five personality factors

Answer 15

1. Conscientiousness: self discipline, careful pursuit of delayed goals
2. Agreeableness: helpful, trusting, friendliness
3. Neuroticism: anxiety, insecurity, emotional instability
4. Openness: flexibility, nonconformity, variety
5. Extraversion: drawing energy from others, sociability
   CANOE

Question 16

Stability of traits

Answer 16

ones profile of traits doesn’t change much over lifetime

Question 17

Predictive value

Answer 17

levels of success in work and relationships relates to traits

Question 18

Personality and situation

Answer 18

personality affects situation and personality is affected by situation

Question 19

Reciprocal influences in personality

Answer 19

“the kind of person who does rock climbing”
tendency to enjoy risky behavior affects choice of friends who may engage in rock climbing, which may lead to identifying the activity

Question 20

Biological influences on personality

Answer 20

genetically determine temperament
autonomic NS reactivity
brain activity

Question 21

Psychological influences on personality

Answer 21

learned responses
unconscious thought processes
expectations and interpretations

Question 22

Social-cultural influences on personality

Answer 22

childhood experiences
influence of the situation
cultural expectations
social support

Question 23

locus of control

Answer 23

our perception of where the seat of power over our lives is located

Question 24

internal locus of control

Answer 24

we feel that we are in charge of ourselves and our circumstances
too much: blame ourselves for bad events, illusion we have power to prevent them

Question 25

External locus of control

Answer 25

picture a force outside of ourselves controls our fate
too much: loose initiative, lose motivation, more anxiety about what might happen