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Psy 101 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

How we learn from experience

A
  1. learn to predict events by noticing other events that happen first
  2. when actions have consequences
  3. when we watch what other people do
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2
Q

How we learn from association

A
  1. 2 stimuli tend to occur together or in sequence
  2. actions become associated with pleasant/averse results
  3. when 2 pieces of info are linked
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3
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning to link 2 stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an event to which we have a reaction
pavlovs dogs
lightning -> thunder reaction

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4
Q

Operant conditioning

A

changing behavior choices in response to consequences
1. polite 2. treat 3. repeat

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5
Q

Cognitive learning

A

acquiring new behaviors and info through observation rather than direct experience
1. observe events 2. acquire info

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6
Q

Behaviorism

A

Used by John B Watson and BF Skinner
How people and animals learn through interactions with their environment
foresaw application in human behavior

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7
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Salivation eventually triggered by neutral stimuli
bell -> salivation

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8
Q

Acquisition

A

initial stage of learning/conditioning

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9
Q

Timing of stimuli

A

Neutral stimuli needs to appear before unconditioned stimuli
bell must appear before food

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10
Q

Extinction

A

diminishing of a conditioned response

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11
Q

Spontaneous recovery (return of conditioned response)

A

following a rest period presenting conditioned stimuli might lead to return of conditioned response.
if presented repeatedly without unconditioned stimuli, conditioned response becomes extinct again

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12
Q

PTSD

A

post traumatic stress disorder
prolonged exposure most common form of treatment
conditioning to manage symptoms

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13
Q

Generalization

A

tendency to have conditioned responses triggered by related stimuli
more stuff makes you drool
drool when rubbed; also when scratched

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14
Q

Discrimination

A

learned ability to only respond to a specific stimuli; preventing generalization
less stuff makes you drool
drool at different pitch; another pitch has no affect

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15
Q

Ivan Pavlov’s legacy conditioning

A

occurs in all creatures, related to biological drives and responses

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16
Q

Ivan Pavlov’s legacy Science

A

learning can be studies objectively, quantify actions and isolate elements of behavior

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17
Q

Ivan Pavlov’s legacy Specific applications

A

substance abuse involves conditioned triggers; triggers can be avoided or associated with new responses

18
Q

learned association in rats

A

John Garcia
rats shocked associated shock with light
rats radiated associated nausea with water
both light and water present
natural selection favors tendency to associate nausea with something consumed

19
Q

Conditioned taste aversion

A

rats associated a new taste with nausea so readily one pairing was enough to cause them to avoid that taste.
significant because disproved repeated pairings were necessary, all stimuli worked the same, and that unconditioned stimuli must be present soon after conditioned stimuli

20
Q

Reinforced operant conditioning

A

behavior more likely to be tried again

21
Q

punished operant conditioning

A

behavior less likely to be tried again

22
Q

difference between classical and operant conditioning

A

classical:
automatic respondent reactions
neutral stimulus repeatedly proceeds respondent behavior and eventually triggers behavior

Operant:
chosen behaviors operate on environment
consequence repeatedly follows operant behavior and eventually influences behavior

23
Q

BF Skinner behavioral control

A

envisioned societies where desired behaviors were deliberately shaped by reinforcement
explored what different changes in reinforcement do

24
Q

responding to delayed reinforcers

A

dogs respond to immediate reinforcement
humans have the ability to link consequences to behavior even if not sequentially linked
delayed gratification -> long term goal setting

25
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

giving reward after target every time
subject acquires desired behavior quickly

26
Q

Partial/intermittent reinforcement

A

giving reward part of the time
target behavior takes longer to acquire but persists longer without reward

27
Q

Fixed interval reinforcement

A

reward every hour
slow unsustained responding
only paid for saturday wont work hard other days

28
Q

Variable interval enforcement

A

reward after changing/random time
slow, consistent responding
never know when boss is coming always work hard

29
Q

Fixed ratio enforcement

A

reward every x behavior
high rate of responding
buy 2 get 1; buy a lot

30
Q

Variable ratio enforcement

A

reward after randomly chosen instance of behavior
high consistent responding
slot machine, keep pulling lever because machine might pay next time

31
Q

Operant positive punishment

A

add something unpleasant

32
Q

Operant negative punishment

A

take away something pleasant

33
Q

Problems with physical punishment

A

behaviors may restart when punishment is over, child may only alter behavior in situations they could be punished, child may learn attitude of fear/hatred, models aggression and control as method of dealing with problems

34
Q

Applications of operant conditioning

A

school- token economies
sports- athletes improve most by shaping their approach to practice/skills
work- pay function of performance rather than seniority

35
Q

mirroring

A

being able to picture ourselves doing the same action

36
Q

cognition

A

noticing consequences and associations

37
Q

modeling

A

behavior of others serves as a model; an example of how to respond to a situation; may try model regardless of reinforcement

38
Q

vicarious conditioning

A

our choices are affected as we see others get consequences for their behavior

39
Q

vicarious

A

experienced indirectly through others

40
Q

Albert Banduras Bobo doll experiment

A

kids see adults punching inflated doll and narrating their behavior
kids acted out the same behavior they had seen

41
Q

Media models of violence

A

viewing media violence increases aggression and reduces prosocial behavior (such as helping an injured person)
violence- viewing effect; imitation and desensitized toward pain in others

Psy 101 (13 decks)

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