Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Articulations

A

Where two bones interconnect

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2
Q

Classification of joints

A
  1. Functional
    - Amount of movement allowed
    - range of motion
  2. anatomical components
    - bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
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3
Q

Fibrous joints

A
  1. Immovable/slightly movable
  2. joined by fibrous connective tissue
    ex. suture
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4
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  1. slightly moveable
  2. two bones joined by cartilage
    ex. intervertebral discs/ pubic symphysis
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5
Q

Synovial joints

A
  1. freely moveable
  2. bones separated by a joint cavity
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6
Q

Functional classification of joints

A
  1. Synarthroses
    - immovable joints
    - fibrous / cartilaginous
    - bony
  2. Amphiarthroses
    - slightly moveable joints
    - fibrous / cartilaginous
  3. Diathroses
    - freely moveable joints
    - synovial
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7
Q

Synarthroses (immovable joints)

A
  1. sutures
    - skull bones
  2. gomphosis
    - teeth bound
  3. synchondrosis
    - two bones bound by rigid cartilaginous bridge
    - epiphyseal plate
  4. syntosis = two bones completely fused
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8
Q

Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints)

A
  1. Syndesmosis = bones connected by a ligament; distal joint of tibia and fibula
  2. Symphysis = bone separated by fibrocartilage; pubic symphysis
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9
Q

Diarthroses (freely movable joints)

A
  1. Joint is enclosed
  2. Joint space is filled with fluid
  3. Can also be called a synovial joint
  4. Most joints of the appendicular skeleton
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10
Q

Components of synovial joint

A
  1. Articular (joint) capsule
    - encloses the joint
  2. articular cartilage
    - hyaline cartilage
    - covers articulating surfaces
  3. synovial membrane
    - lines the capsule
  4. synovial fluid
    - consistency of egg whites
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11
Q

Synovial fluid functions

A
  1. lubrication
  2. nutrient distribution
  3. shock absorption
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12
Q

Additional synovial joint components

A
  1. menisci
    - pads of fibrocartilage
  2. fat pads
    - pads of adipose tissue covered by synovial membrane
  3. accessory ligaments
    - reinforce joint
    - sprain = stretched ligament
  4. bursae
    - pockets of synovial fluid; reduce friction; shock absorber
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13
Q

Articular motion

A
  1. diarthrotic joints allow a variety of movements
  2. noy as stable as synarthroses and amphiarthroses
  3. movement of joint limited by:
    - shapes of articulating surfaces
    - ligaments (interna; and external)
    - presence of muscles, fat pads, menisci around joint
    - tension in tendons
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14
Q

Gliding motion

A
  1. Two surfaces slide past one another
    - carpals & tarsals
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15
Q

Angular movements

A
  1. flexion
    - decrease the angle between two parts
  2. extension
    - increasing the angle between two parts
  3. hyperextension
    - extending beyond the anatomical position
  4. abduction
    - movement away from the body’s midline
  5. abduction
    - movement towards the body’s midline
  6. circumduction
    - combination of flexion, adduction, extension, abduction
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16
Q

rotational movement

A
  1. left or right
    - head
  2. medial (internal or lateral (external
    - arms and legs
17
Q

Rotational movement of forearm

A
  1. pronation
    - palm up to down
    - front to back
    - start in anatomical position
  2. supination
    - palm down to up
    - back to front
    - return to the anatomical position
18
Q

Movement of the foot

A
  1. inversion and eversion
  2. plantar flexion
    - toes down, heel up (flexes plantar surface of foot)
  3. dorsiflexion
    - toes up, heel down
19
Q

Movement of thumb

A
  1. opposition
    - movement towards palm, grasping
20
Q

Other movements

A
  1. protraction
    - moves a structure anteriorly
  2. retraction
    - moves a structure posteriorly
  3. elevation
    - moves a structure superiorly
  4. depression
    - moves a structure inferiorly
  5. lateral flexion
    - bends the vertebrae to one side
21
Q

Arthritis

A
  1. Joint Inflammation
  2. many types
  3. always damage to articular cartilage
    - osteoarthritis
    - rheumatoid arthritis
    - gouty arthritis