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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 13: Spinal Cord & Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Spinal Cord & Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

Brain and Spinal cord
- Most neurons in the body
- NO NERVES
- Nuclei & Ganglia

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2
Q

Gray Matter

A

Cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, neuroglia, synapses
- Integration and processing
- Posterior Dorsal Horn
-Anterior Ventral Horn (Somatic & motor)
- Lateral Horn (visceral & motor)

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3
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated axons and fibers
- arranged in tracts (bundle of axons)
- conducting
- looks like a butterfly

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4
Q

Nuclei

A

Masses of cell bodies embedded in white matter in the CNS

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5
Q

PNS

A

Remainder of the nervous system in the body (Outside of brain and spinal cord)
- Tracts & Nerves

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6
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of nerve fibers in PNS; Receptors and nerve endings (Neuromascular Junction)

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7
Q

31 Spinal Segments

A

Gives rise to dorsal and ventral roots

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7
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Nerves to/from brain

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8
Q

Ganglia

A

Collection of cell bodies outside of the CNS

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8
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

Nerves to/from spinal cord

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9
Q

Adult Spinal Cord

A
  • Extends from L1-L2
  • 18 Inches
  • Not unifrom in diameter
  • 31 Spinal segments
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9
Q

Filum Terminale

A

Thin fivrous connective tissue which extends from the conus medularis, anchroing cord in the vertebral canal.

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9
Q

Cervical Enlargement

A

Nerves to shoulders and arms

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9
Q

Conus Medularis

A

Cone shaped ending of spinal cord

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9
Q

Dorsal Root

A
  • Leads to dorsal horn
  • Afferent (Sensory)
  • Unique dorsal root ganglia - cell bodies of sensory neurons
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10
Q

Lumbar Enlargement

A

Nerves to pelvis and legs

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10
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 Pairs of mixed nerves (efferent & afferent)
- Result from the union of dorsal and ventral roots
- Exit between vertebrae (Interebral foramen)

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11
Q

Ventral Root

A
  • Leads away from ventral horn
  • Efferent (Motor)
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12
Q

Thoracic Nerves

A

T1 - T12

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12
Q

Cervical Nerves

A

C1 - C8

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13
Q

Sacral Nerves

A

S1 - S5

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13
Q

Lumbar Nerves

A

L1 - L5 (Spinal cord ends L1/L2)

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14
Q

Coccygeal Nerve

A

C0

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14
Q

Cauda Equina

A
  • Collection of spinal nerves in lumbar region
  • Horse’s Tail
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15
Q

Arachnoid

A
  • Internal to Dura Mater
  • Spider web extensions
  • Subarachnopid space filled with spinal fluid
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16
Q

Spinal Meninges

A

-Continuous with cranial meninges
- Cover CNS
-Provide stbility and shock absorption
- Dura Mater
- Arachnoid
- Pia Mater

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16
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outer covering of spinal cord and nerves
- “Tough Mother”
- Tapers to coyccygeal ligament which merges with the filum terminale

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17
Q

Epidural Space

A

Separates dura mater from walls of vertebral canal
- filled with fat

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18
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  • shock absorber
  • fluid for diffusion of nutrients and waste products
  • Extends to inferior lumbar regions
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19
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • “Delicate Mother”
  • Adheres to spinal cord surface
  • Meshwork of elastic and collagen fibers
  • Blood vessel rich
  • Innermost meningeal layer
20
Q

Posterior Median Sulcus

A
  • Longitudinal Groove
  • Separates into left and right parts
21
Q

Anterior median fissure

A
  • Deeper groove (left and right)
22
Q

Columns of White Matter

A

Six Columns (Three on each side)
- Anterior
- Posterior
- Lateral
Tracts to and from the brain

23
Q

Ascending

A

Sensory info into the brain

24
Q

Descending

A

Motor commands to spinal cord

25
Q

White Commisure

A

Axons communicating between anterior columns

26
Q

Gray Commisure

A

Bridge of gray matter connecting the right and left sideof the spinal cord
- Axons conduct signals between right and left sides
- Has the central canal

27
Q

Central Canal

A
  • Contains CS fluid
  • Extends the length of the spinal cord
  • Little hole in the center
28
Q

Peripheral Nerves

A
  • Includes spinal nerves & cranial nerves
  • Bundle of nerve fibers (axons), blood vessels heald together by layers of connective tissues
  • Epineurium
  • Perineurium
  • Endoneurium
29
Q

Epinerium

30
Q

Perineurium

A

Surrounds fascicles

31
Q

Endoneurium

A

Surrounds each fiber

32
Q

Spinal Nerve

A

Union of Dorsal (Sensory) and Ventral (Motor) roots
- Very short
- Branches to form rami
- Rami are mixed roots are NOT
- Rami communication is part of the ANS

32
Q

Dorsal Ramus

A

Sensory and motor innervation to the skin and muscles of the back

33
Q

Ventral Ramus

A

Supply the ventrolateral body, surface, body wall, and limbs

34
Q

Dermatones

A
  • Specific bilateral region of skin surface monitored by single pair of spinal nerves
  • Each pair of nerves monitors one dermatome
34
Q

Organization of spinal nerves

A
  • Sensory impulses enter spinal cord dorsally
  • Dorsal root ganglion - cells bodies of spinal nerbe
  • Dorsal root –> drosal horn
  • Motor impulses exit ventrally
  • Ventral horn –> Ventral root
  • Somatic fibers leave by way of spinal nerves
  • Visceral (autonomic) fibers leave abd ebter a ganglion
35
Q

Dorsal Rami

A

Innervates the back of the body

36
Q

Ventral Rami

A

Extends towards the front

37
Q

Nerve Plexus

A

Intertwining of nerves from several spinal nerves
- gives rise to alternate pathways for impulses to travel
- damage to one branch does not result in total loss of sensation and control

38
Q

The Cervical Plexus

A

Extends from C1-C5
- Innervate muscles of neck and diaphragm
- ! Phrenic Nerve ! (Innervates diaphragm
- respiration

39
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

Extends from C5 - C8 & T1
- Innervates shoulder and arm
- radial & ulnar nerve

40
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

T12 - L5
- anterior thigh, leg, and foot

41
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

L5 - S4
- posterior thigh, leg, and foot
Sciatic nerve
- largets nerve in the body

42
Q

Sensory Neurons

A
  • Deliver information to the CNS
  • 10 million
43
Q

Motor Neurons

A
  • Carries impulses to effector organs (muscles and glands)
  • 500 million
44
Q

Interneurons

A
  • Integrate information, process and analyze
  • in the CNS
  • 20 billion (Most numerous)
45
Q

Neuronal Pools

A

Functional group of interconnected neurons

46
Q

Simple neural pathway

47
Q

Complicated neural pathways

A
  • scattered or localized
  • output may be excitatory or inhibitory
  • typical interneurons have
    1,000 –> 10,000 synapses
48
Q

Reflexes

A

Rapid, predictable, automatic responses to stimuli
- sensory to CNS (Sensory in) motor fibers to effectors (Motor out)

49
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Pathway of a simple reflex

50
Q

Innate Reflexes

A

-Result from connections that from between neurons during development.
- Withdrawal from pain; blinking

50
Q

Reflex Arc Steps

A
  1. Arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor
  2. Activation of sensory neuron
  3. Information processing
  4. Activation by motor neuron
  5. Response by effector
51
Q

Acquired Reflexes

A

Learned, and typically more complex
- Driving

52
Q

Cranial Reflexes

A
  • Reflexes processed by the brain
53
Q

Spinal Reflexes

A
  • Interconnections and processing events that occur in the spinal cord
53
Q

Somatic Reflexes

A
  • Control skeletal muscle
  • Some can be consciously modified
53
Q

Visceral Reflexes

A
  • Controls activities of involuntary muscles
  • Photo pupillary response
54
Q

Monosynaptic Reflexes

A

Stretch reflex
- Automatically monitors skeletal muscle for length and tone
Ex. Patellar reflex

54
Q

Polysynaptic Reflexes

A

Tendon reflex
- Monitors external tension produced during a muscle contraction
- Control of several muscle groups
- Prevents tearing of tendons & gives coordination

54
Q

Withdrawal Reflexes

A

Touch something hot –> withdraw
Polysynaptic

55
Q

Crossed Extensor Reflex

A

Step on something painful, remove leg (withdrawal), extend other leg to support weight (extensor)

56
Q

Plantar Reflex

A

Sole of foot stimulation; toes curl

Anatomy & Physiology (13 decks)

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