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Anatomy & Physiology > Anatomy Final > Flashcards

Anatomy Final Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Arms at side, palms facing forward and feet together

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2
Q

Supine

A

Lying face up

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3
Q

Prone

A

Lying face down

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4
Q

Anterior/Ventral

A

Front or stomach surface

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5
Q

Posterior/Dorsal

A

Back

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6
Q

Superior

A

Higher, above

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7
Q

Inferior

A

Lower, below

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8
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline of the body

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9
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

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10
Q

Proximal (Limbs)

A

Towards the origin of of a structure/ origin of attachment

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11
Q

Distal (Limbs)

A

Away from the origin of of a structure/ origin of attachment

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12
Q

Superficial

A

Near the surface

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13
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface

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14
Q

Transverse sectional plane

A

Cuts the body into superior and inferior parts

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15
Q

Frontal sectional plane

A

Cuts the body into ventral and dorsal parts

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16
Q

Sagittal sectional plane

A

Cuts the body into left and right parts

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17
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a stable internal environment

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18
Q

Homeostatic Autoregulation (Intrinsic)

A

Cells and tissues adjust to an environmental change

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19
Q

Extrinsic Homeostasis

A

System outside of tissues and cells make adjustments.
Ex. nervous/’endocrine system

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20
Q

Homeostatic Mechanism

A
  1. Receptor - Receives stimuli
  2. Control center - Receives and processes stimuli
  3. Effector - Gives a response that either opposes or enhances stimuli
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21
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Most homeostatic mechanism use negative feedback. Negative feedback negates or opposes the initial stimuli.
I.e. AC of the body

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22
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Produces a thin lubricating liquid

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23
Q

Visceral

A

Covers Organs

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24
Q

Parietal

A

Lines cavity walls

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25
Q

Pleural Membranes

A

Visceral and parietal membranes of the lungs

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26
Q

Pericardium

A

Visceral and parietal membranes of the heart

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27
Q

Peritoneum

A

Visceral and parietal membranes of the abdomen

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28
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Transfer of electrons; attraction between two oppositely charged ions; weak bonds which easily dissociate.
Loss of an electron in the valance shell to bond.

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29
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Strong single and double bonds; can be polar or nonpolar

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30
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

A

Electrons are equally shared between atoms; No Charge

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31
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

Electrons are shared unequally between atoms; results in polar molecules which have one negative and one positive end; Charge
Ex. Water

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32
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Weak attractive force between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and other atoms of other molecules.

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33
Q

pH Scale

A

Acidic to Basic;
1-6.9: Acidic.
7.1-14: Basic
7: Neutral/Water

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34
Q

Organic Molecules

A

Compounds which always contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and sometimes Oxygen

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35
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Carbon + Water. C:H:O = 1:2:1 Ratio
Includes sugars and starches; Glucose
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides.

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36
Q

Lipids

A

Carbon and Hydrogen; C:H = 1:2. Insoluble in water and nonpolar
Triglycerides: stores energy
Phospholipid: Major component of cell membrane
Steroids: Cholesterol/Hormones

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37
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Saturated: Solid
Unsaturated: Liquid; from plants

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38
Q

Proteins

A

Central carbon C; Hydrogen atom H; Amino part NH2; Carboxylic acid COOH; Variable group R.
C, H, NH2, COOH, R

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39
Q

Function of Proteins

A
  1. Support - connective tissue
  2. Movement - contractile proteins
  3. Transport - carry substance in blood
  4. Buffering - acts as acid or base
  5. Metabolic Regulation - enzymes
  6. Coordination and Control - hormones
  7. Defense - antibodies
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40
Q

Structure of Proteins

A

Primary structure: amino acids linked together to from polypeptide chains
Secondary structure: polypeptide chains fold and coil
Tertiary structure: Coiled chains twist and turn
Quaternary structure: Two tertiary structures held together

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41
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

Structural proteins

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42
Q

Globular proteins

A

Functional proteins

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43
Q

Nucleotides

A

Sugar; phosphate; nitrogenous base

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44
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Stores and processes genetic information. DNA; RNA

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45
Q

Plasma Membrane Phospholipid Bi-layer

A

Hydrophilic head; Hydrophobic tail. Gives cell stability

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46
Q

DNA

A

Stores genetic information in the nucleus
Double Helix: Two polynucleotide chains
A-T, C-G. Complimentary chains

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47
Q

RNA

A

Stores genetic information in the cytoplasm
Made from DNA, carries information to make proteins
Different base Uracil instead of Thymine

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48
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
- Does not require ATP
- Allows gases and lipids to pass through

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49
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Requires a carrier protein to pass through
- Does not require ATP
- Allows for carbohydrates and amino acids to pass through

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50
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to solute differences
- Water moves with the gradient (more water to less water)
- Equilibrium
- Does not require ATP

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51
Q

Active Transport/Solute Pump

A
  • Involves a carrier protein
  • Requires ATP
  • Goes against the gradient (Low to high)
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52
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking
-Requires ATP

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53
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating (WBCs)
-Requires ATP

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54
Q

Exocytosis

A

Ejection of materials from the cell
- Requires ATP

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55
Q

Cell Membrane Components

A
  • Phospholipid Bi-Layer
  • Proteins
  • Glycoproteins
  • Cholesterol
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56
Q

Cell Membrane Protein Functions

A
  1. Anchoring
  2. Recognition
  3. Enzymes
  4. Receptors
  5. Carrier
  6. Channels
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57
Q

Cytosol

A

Intracellular fluid

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58
Q

Cell Organelles

A

Functional Structures
- membranous
- nonmebraneous

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59
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Strengthens and anchors the cell and it’s processes

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60
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger like extensions which increase the surface area of a cell

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61
Q

Centrioles

A

Bundles of microtubules active in cell division

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62
Q

Cilia

A

Moves substances across the cell’s surface; flagellum

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63
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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64
Q

Proteasomes

A

Breakdown of intracellular parts (organelles)

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65
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Series of interconnected tubes which acts as a communication and transport center

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66
Q

Rough ER

A
  • Associated with ribosomes
  • Protein synthesis
  • Sends transport vesicles to Golgi apparatus
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67
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • No ribosomes
  • Synthesis and storage of ;
    Lipids
    Glycogen
    Steroid hormones
    Phospholipids, cholesterol
  • detoxification
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68
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stack of membrane bound discs
- Modifies and packages secretion
- Renews and modifies cell membrane

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69
Q

Lysosomes

A

Breakdown metabolic waste products
- Made by golgi apparatus

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70
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Enzymes which break down free radicals

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71
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic cellular respiration (produce energy)
- cristae

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72
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the genetic material of the cell and directs the activities of the cell.
- Separated by cytoplasm by nuclear envelope

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73
Q

Histones

A

Package and regulate DNA

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74
Q

Transcription

A

DNA - mRNA
- Takes place in the nucleus

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75
Q

Translation

A

mRNA - tRNA
- Change from RNA to a protein
- Takes place in the cytoplasm

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76
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division which results in two identical daughter cells.
- The longer the life span of a cell the slower the mitotic rate
- Abnormal cell division produces tumors

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77
Q

Epithelial Tissues

A

Lines all free body surfaces
- Cells fit together closely
- Attached surface and free surface
- Attached by non-living membrane
- Avascular
- Regenerate easily

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78
Q

Epithelial Tissue Functions

A
  1. Physical protection
  2. Control permeability
  3. Provide sensation
  4. Produces specialized secretions (mucous)
  5. Movement of materials across surface (Cilia)
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79
Q

Simple Epithelial

A

One layer of cells over basement membrane

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80
Q

Stratified Epithelial

A

Many cell layers above basement membrane

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81
Q

Squamous Epithelial

A

Flat cells

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82
Q

Cuboidal Epithelial

A

Cube shaped cells

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83
Q

Columnar Epithelial

A

Tall, thin cells

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84
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelial

A

Single layer of flat cells
- Serous membrane
- secretes lubricating fluid
- lines blood vessels

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85
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial

A

Single layer of cube shaped cells
- Secretion and absorption
- glands, ducts, and kidney tubules

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86
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelial

A

Single layer of tall, thin cells
- Secretion of digestive enzymes, absorption of nutrients
- Lining of GI tract

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87
Q

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelial

A

Single layer of cells but some cells are longer than others
- often looks like double layer
- Secretion
- Lining of respiratory tract

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88
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

Many layers of flat cells
- Protection, withstand abrasion
- Skin, lining of oral cavity

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89
Q

Transitional Epithelial

A

Specialized to change in response to stretching
- Shape of cells depends on amount of stretching

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90
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • Establish a structural framework
  • Establish and interconnect other tissue
  • protects and support delicate organs
  • Stores energy reserves
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91
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Produce connective tissue matrix

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92
Q

Fibrocytes

A

mature and maintain matrix

93
Q

macrophage

A

Phagocytic white blood cells

94
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat cells

95
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Stem cells

96
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce Melanin

97
Q

Areolar Tissue

A

Holds organs and tissues together

98
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Cushions, protects and stores lipids (energy)

99
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Reduces friction between articulating bones

100
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Elastic Support

101
Q

Epidermis

A

Superficial skin surface
- epithelial tissue
- avascular

102
Q

Dermis

A

Underlies epidermis
- mostly connective tissue
- vascular

103
Q

Hypodermis

A

Underlies dermis
- mostly adipose or areolar tissue
- Anchors skin to underlying structure

104
Q

Keratinized cells

A

Makes epidermis water resistant

105
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Outermost layer of epidermis

106
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Innermost layer of epidermis, mitosis take place here

107
Q

Papillary layer of the dermis

A

Provides nourishment to the epidermis
- contains sensory nerves
- causes finger prints

108
Q

Reticular layer of the dermis

A

Provides the dermis with durability

109
Q

Hair

A

Originates in hair follicle in the dermis out into the epidermis
- Arrector pili muscle

110
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Produce Sebum
- Lubricates hair and keeps skin soft

111
Q

Sudoriferous Glands

A

Produces sweat
- Appocrine sweat glands produce an odor
- Eccrine sweat glands do not produce an odor and are responsible for thermoregulation

112
Q

Nails

A

Keratinized epidermal cells

113
Q

Compact Bone

A

Dense organized bone tissue found in the shaft of a bone
- Found where stresses are limited in direction

114
Q

Spongy bone

A

Porous bone tissue located in the epiphysis of bones
- found where stresses are weaker or multi-directional

115
Q

Osteon Structure

A

Structural unit of a bone
- central canal - blood vessels
- lamellae - rings of bony matrix
- lacunae - cavities holding osteocytes
- canaliculi - small canals for the movement of substances

116
Q

Ossification

A

Converting other tissue to bone
- mostly with cartilage (calcification)
- endochondral
- intramembranous

117
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

allows for growth of long bone during childhood

118
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

Recycles and renews the organic and mineral components of the bone matrix
- Response to stress and body’s needs

119
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells
- maintain matrix
- In lacunae
- connected by canaliculi

120
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Synthesize new matrix

121
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Dissolve bone matrix

122
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Joined by fibrous connective tissue
- Immovable

123
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Two bones joined by cartilage
- sklighlty moveable

124
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Joined by joint cavity
- freely moveable

125
Q

Synarthroses

A

Immovable joints, fibrous / cartilaginous
- Suture
- Gomphosis (teeth)
- Synchondrosis (Epiphyseal plate)
- Syntosis (two bones completely fused)

126
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

Slightly moveable joints, fibrous / cartilaginous
- syndesmosis (bones connected by a ligament)
- symphysis (bone separated by fibrocartilage)

127
Q

Diarthroses

A

Freely moveable joints, synovial joints
- Synovial joint
- most joints of appendicular skeleton

128
Q

Flexion (angular)

A

Decreases the angle between two parts

129
Q

Extension (angular)

A

Increasing the angle between two parts

130
Q

Hyperextension (angular)

A

Extending beyond the anatomical position

131
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the body’s midline

132
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards the body’s midline

133
Q

Circumduction

A

Combination of flexion, adduction, extension, abduction

134
Q

Pronation

A

Palm up to down

135
Q

Supination

A

Palm down to up

136
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Attached to bone
- Voluntary
- Striated
- Multinucleated

137
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Lines hollow organs
- Involuntary
- Non-striated
- One nucleus

138
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Found in the heart
- Involuntary
- Striated
- Intercalated discs

139
Q

Structure of Muscle Organ

A
  1. Epimysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Endomysium
140
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds muscle with dense fibrous connective tissue

141
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers

142
Q

Endomysium

A

Covers individual muscle fibers

143
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Cell membrane of a muscle fiber

144
Q

T-tubules

A

Tubes of the sarcolemma

145
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Elaborate smooth ER
- terminal cisternae
- stores Ca++

146
Q

Myofibrils

A

Organelle that contain bundles of myofilaments arranged into units called sarcomeres

147
Q

Sarcomere structure

A

Functional unit of muscle fiber (contracting)
- made up of myofilaments
- Thin actin filament
- Thick myosin filament

148
Q

Muscle Fiber Contraction

A
  1. Actin slides past myosin
  2. Ends of sarcomere come closer together, sarcomere shortens
  3. All sarcomeres shorten; myofibril shortens
  4. All myofibrils shorten and the muscle fiber shortens
149
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A
  1. Cyclic process begins with calcium release from SR
  2. Calcium binds to troponin
  3. Troponin moves, moving tropomyosin and exposing actin active site
  4. Myosin head in high energy configuration has been waiting to interact with actin
  5. Myosin head pivots (high  low) pulling actin over myosin
  6. ATP allows release of cross bridge
  7. Hydrolysis of ATP; Myosin head goes from low to high
  8. Reattaches to actin and pivots again
  9. Interaction will continue as long as Ca++ is present
    - Actin slides past myosin
150
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

Site where motor neuron and muscle fiber meet
-Synaptic (axon) terminals: Branched ends of motor neuron
-Synaptic cleft: Gap between motor neuron and sarcolemma
- Motor end plate: Sarcolemma modified with special channels and receptors for ACh

151
Q

Skeletal Muscle Neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine (ACh); opens Na+ gates when it attaches to receptors on motor end plate

152
Q

Events of Excitation

A
  1. Arrival of the action potential (signal)
  2. Release of Ach
  3. ACh binding at the motor end plate; changes permeability to Na+
  4. Generation of action potential in sarcolemma begins with the influx of Na+
153
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

A
  1. Ca++ binds to troponin which causes tropomyosin to move
  2. High energy myosin heads can attach to actin
  3. High energy myosin heads to Low energy myosin
    pulling actin towards center of sarcomere
  4. ATP binds to Low energy myosin, releases myosin from myosin binding site on actin
  5. Hydrolysis of ATP by myosin ATPase; Energy is transferred to myosin to high energy myosin head
154
Q

Recruitment

A

Increasing the number of active motor units

155
Q

Cretin Phosphate

A

Coupling creatine phosphate with ADP
CP + ADP = ATP + C

156
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A
  • Presence of O2
  • Occurs in mitochondria
  • 34 molecules ATP for 1 molecule of glucose
157
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis

A
  • Without O2 cardiovascular system cannot supply
  • 2 ATP Produced per glucose molecule
158
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory (to CNS)

159
Q

Efferent

A

Motor (away from CNS)

160
Q

Neuron Function

A
  1. Respond to stimuli
  2. Conduct nerve impulses
    - High demand for 02
161
Q

Neuron Structure

A

Cell body: contains nucleus
Dendrites: receive stimuli
Axon: conduct impulses
Axon hillock: Initial segment
Collaterals: Branches
Telodendria: Fine extensions, secrete neurotransmitters

162
Q

Neuroglia of CNS

A
  1. Ependymal Cells
  2. Astrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Oligodendrocytes
163
Q

Ependymal Cells

A
  • Lined fluid filled cavities of CNS
  • Assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid
164
Q

Astrocytes

A

Maintain Blood –Brain barrier (BBB)
- Isolation of CNS from general circulation
- Regulate composition of interstitial fluid of CNS
- Structural support
- Form scar tissue

165
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytic cells

166
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelination of CNS axons

167
Q

Neuroglia of PNS

A
  1. Satellite Cells
  2. Schwann Cells
168
Q

Satellite Cells

A
  • Surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia
  • Regulate exchange with interstitial fluid
169
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Myelinating cells of the PNS

170
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

-Fatty wrapping around axon
-Electrically insulates and protects
-Increases speed of transmission of signal
-Loss of myelin = loss of function

171
Q

Resting Transmembrane Potential

A

The plasma membrane at rest is polarized
- Outside=net positive; Inside= net negative; due largely to the distribution of Na+ and K+
- Most neurons it is -70mV
- Maintained by Na/K pump

172
Q

Depolarization

A

Inside becomes more positive
- may result in an action potential (long distance signal)

173
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Inside becomes more negative
- inhibits an action potential

174
Q

Repolarization

A

Return to resting membrane potential

175
Q

Graded Potential

A
  • Occur on the dendrites or cell body
  • Involves chemically gated ion channels (environmentally)
    May be:
    1l. Depolarization ; open Na+ channels
    2. Hyperpolarization; open K+ channels
    Weaken as they travel
    Amount of depolarization depends on size of stimulus
176
Q

Action Potential

A

A self-propagated change in the transmembrane potential (Nerve Impulse)

177
Q

Steps of an Action Potential

A
  1. region of excitable membrane (axon) depolarizes to threshold
  2. Activation gates of voltage gated sodium channels open; Na+ rushes into cell (Depolarization)
  3. Inactivation gates of voltage gated Na+ channels close at peak potential +30mV
  4. Voltage gated K+ channels to open; K+ rushes out; Repolarization
    - Reestablishes resting membrane potential
178
Q

Structure of the Spinal Cord

A

31 spinal segments
- Area of spinal cord; gives rise to dorsal & ventral roots
- Spinal nerves extend off cord
- Union of dorsal & ventral roots
Cervical nerves
C1 – C8
Thoracic nerve
T 1 – T 12
Lumbar nerves
L1 – L5
Sacral nerves
S1 – S5
Coccygeal
C0

179
Q

Enlargements of Spinal Cord

A

Cervical enlargement – nerves to shoulders and arms
Lumbar enlargement – nerves to pelvis and legs

180
Q

Filum Terminale

A

Thin fibrous tissues anchoring cord in vertebral canal

181
Q

Cauda Equine

A

Collection of spinal nerves in lumbar region

182
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

Cone shaped ending of spinal cord

183
Q

White matter

A

Axons arranged in tracts and columns, myelinated fibers and some unmyelinated (conducting)

184
Q

Gray Matter

A

Cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, neuroglia, synapses
- integration and processing

185
Q

Tracts

A

Bundle of axons within the CNS

186
Q

Spinal Nerve

A

31 pairs of nerves
- Mixed nerves
- Result from the union of the dorsal (posterior)and ventral (anterior) roots

187
Q

Ventral Root to Ventral Horn

A

Motor
- Cell bodies of motor neurons in ventral horn

188
Q

Dorsal Root to Dorsal Horn

A

Sensory
Cell bodies of sensory neurons in dorsal horn

189
Q

Dorsal Root ganglion

A

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

190
Q

Ventral Rami

A

Part of nerve plexus which extends towards the front

191
Q

Dorsal Rami

A

Part of nerve plexus which innervates the back of body

192
Q

Structure of a Spinal Nerve

A

Bundle of nerve fibers (axons), blood vessels held together by layers of connective tissue
- union of dorsal (sensory) and (motor) ventral root
- epineurium
- perineurium
- endoneurium

193
Q

Reflex Arc Steps

A
  1. Arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor
  2. Activation of sensory neuron
  3. Information processing
  4. Activation of motor neuron
  5. Response by effector
194
Q

Epidural Space

A

Separates dura mater from walls of vertebral canal
- filled with fat

195
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outer covering of spinal cord and nerves

196
Q

Arachnoid

A

Internal to dura mater
- Spider web extensions
- Forms subarachnoid space filled with CSF

197
Q

Pia Mater

A

Innermost meningeal layer
- Adheres directly to spinal cord surface

198
Q

Brain Stem

A

Processes information between spinal cord and cerebrum, or cerebellum
1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla Oblongata
- White matter tracts

199
Q

Midbrain

A

Ear, eye, and head reflexes
- RAS (consciousness)

200
Q

Pons

A

Links cerebellum to cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord
- Respiratory Center

201
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Connects brain with spinal cord
- Cardiac reflex
- Vasomotor reflex
- respiratory reflex
White matter tracs

202
Q

Cerebellum

A

“Little brain”
-basic survival functions
- maintains balance and equilibrium
- monitors visual and auditory signals

203
Q

Arbor Vitae

A

White matter

204
Q

Diencephalon

A

Inner core; links cerebrum to brain stem

205
Q

Epithalamus

A

Choroid Plexus
- pineal gland (secretes melatonin)

206
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays sensory information to the primary sensory cortex

207
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  1. Physical emotion expression
  2. Controls unconscious function
  3. Coordinates endocrine and nervous system together
  4. Secretes hormones
  5. Regulate body temperature
  6. regulate circadian rhythm
208
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Controls all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions
Processes somatic sensory and motor information

209
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Movement
  • Executive function
  • Memory
  • Personality
210
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Processes sensory information

211
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Processes auditory information

212
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Processes visual information

213
Q

Broca’s Area

A

responsible for speech production

214
Q

Association Fibers

A

Connections within one hemisphere

215
Q

Projection Fibers

A

Connects cerebrum to lower areas

216
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects two hemispheres

217
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

Paired masses of gray matter (nuclei) embedded in white matter of cerebrum

218
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  1. One efferent neuron
  2. Effects skeleton muscle
  3. One neurotransmitter = ACh
  4. One effect = excitation
  5. Control center = cerebral motor cortex
219
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  1. Two linked efferent neurons
  2. Synapse in ganglia
  3. Effector organs = cardiac, smooth, and glands
  4. ACh and NE
  5. Excitation and inhibition
  6. Control center = hypothalamus
220
Q

Sympathetic ANS

A

Fight or flight
- Thoracolumbar
- Ganglia close to spinal cord
- Short preganglionic
- Long postganglionic
- Widespread effect

221
Q

parasympathetic ANS

A

Rest and digest
- Craniosacral
- Long preganglionic
- Short postganglionic
- Localized effect

222
Q

Receptors

A

Allows cells to pick up neurotransmitters
- Cholinergic
- Adrenergic

223
Q

Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

Exocrine have a duct while endocrine go straight into the blood

224
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females and sperm production in males

225
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A

Causes ovulation and progesterone production in females and androgen (testosterone) production in males

226
Q

Calcitonin/Parathyroid Hormone

A

Helps regulate calcium levels in body fluids

227
Q

Epinephrine/Noreepinephrine

A
  1. Enhances and amplifies effects of SNS stimulation
  2. Increases cardiac activity, blood pressure, blood glucose levels
  3. Short term stress
228
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone/Aldosterone

A

Acts on kidney tubules promoting reabsorption of water from filtrate (urine)

229
Q

Insulin/Glucagon

A

Regulate blood sugar levels

Anatomy & Physiology (13 decks)

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