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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

Collections of specialized cells and cell products organized to perform a limited number of functions

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2
Q

Histology

A

Study of cells

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3
Q

Four Tissue Types

A
  1. Epithelial
    2 Connective
  2. Muscular
  3. Nervous
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4
Q

Location of Epithelial Tissues

A

Found in areas of: body coverings, body lining; lines all free surfaces, and glandular tissue

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5
Q

Epithelium Characteristics

A
  1. Cells fit closely together; little intracellular space
  2. Cells show polarity;
    Apical surface: free surface (always)
    Basal surface: attached to surface
  3. The lower surface is bound by a basement membrane called basal lamina acellular, non-living
  4. Avascular (no blood supply)
  5. Regenerates easily
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6
Q

Functions of epithelium

A
  1. Physical protection
  2. Controls permeability
  3. Provide Sensation
  4. Produces specialized secretions
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7
Q

Specilization of epethilium

A
  1. Movement of materials across the surface (Cilia)
  2. Movement of fluids through the epithelium; absorption (Microvilli)
  3. Production of secretions (Mucous)
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8
Q

Epithelial Integrity

A

Cells attach via Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
Cell Junctions

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9
Q

Tight Junction

A

Prevent substances from passing between cells (Apical Region)

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10
Q

Desmosomes

A
  1. Like button snaps
  2. Strong - holds cells together
  3. Resists stretching
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11
Q

Gap Junctions

A
  1. Cylinder with pore
  2. Communication Junctions
  3. Allows substances to move from cell to cell
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12
Q

Simple epithelia

A

One cell layer over basement membrane

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13
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

Many cell layers between apical surface and basement

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14
Q

Squamous apical cells

A

Flat cells

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15
Q

Cuboidal apical cells

A

Cube shaped cells

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16
Q

Columnar apical cells

A

tall, thin cells

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17
Q

Representative epithelial cells

A
  1. Simple squamous
  2. Simple cuboidal
  3. Simple columnar
  4. Pseudostratified columnar
  5. Stratified squamous
  6. Transitional
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18
Q

Characteristics of simple squamous epithelia

A
  1. Single layer squamous cells
  2. Covers organs, lines cavities (serous membranes)
  3. Diffusion, filtration, reduces friction by secreting lubricating fluids
  4. Lines blood vessels, found in kidneys, lungs and serous membranes
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19
Q

Characteristics of simple cuboidal epithelia

A
  1. Single layer of cube shaped cells
  2. Secretion and absorption
  3. Found in glands, ducts and kidney tubules
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20
Q

Characteristics of simple columnar epithelia

A
  1. Single layer of columnar cells
  2. Secretion of digestive enzymes, absorption of nutrients
  3. Lining of GI tract (stomach  large intestine)
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21
Q

Characteristics of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia

A
  1. Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others
  2. Often looks like a double cell layer
  3. Secretion ; (Production of mucus) and may have cilia
  4. Lining of respiratory tract
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22
Q

Characteristics of stratified squamous

A
  1. Many layer of epithelial cells; cells at the free edge are flattened (squamous)
  2. Protection, withstands abrasion
  3. Skin, lining of oral cavity, throat and esophagus
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23
Q

Characteristics of transitional epithelium

A
  1. Specialized to change in response to increased tension
  2. Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching, may be cuboidal (relaxed) or squamous(distended)
  3. Allows organ distension
  4. Urinary bladder, ureters
24
Q

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Cells spread out, much extracellular space
  2. Different types of cells
25
Q

Matrix

A
  1. Not living
  2. Ground substance
  3. May contain fibers, calcium deposits etc.
26
Q

Two types of connective tissue

A
  1. Connective tissue proper - cell diversity, fiber diversity
  2. Specialized (supporting) - Matrix has more densely packed fibers, little cell diversity (Bone & Cartilage)
27
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Establishing a structural framework
  2. Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
  3. Protecting delicate organs
  4. Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting tissues
  5. Storing energy reserves
  6. Defending the body from microoorganisms
28
Q

Fibroblasts (Connective Tissue Proper)

A

Always present in connective tissue proper; produce matrix

29
Q

Fibrocytes (Connective Tissue Proper)

A

mature; maintain matrix

30
Q

Macrophages (Connective Tissue Proper)

A

Phagocytic white blood cells

31
Q

Adipocytes (Connective Tissue Proper)

A

Fat cells

32
Q

Mesenchymal cells (Connective Tissue Proper)

A

Stem cells

33
Q

Melanocytes (Connective Tissue Proper)

A

produce pigments

34
Q

Mast cells (Connective Tissue Proper)

A

Histamine and heparin; produce inflammation

35
Q

Collagen fiber (Connective Tissue Proper)

A

Most common; very sturdy, resist pulling forces; won’t tear; straight

36
Q

Reticular fibers (Connective Tissue Proper)

A

Smaller and branching; from a network of interwoven fibers; resist forces in all directions

37
Q

Ground substance (Connective Tissue Proper)

A

Clear, colorless, viscous; fills space between cells and fibers

37
Q

Elastic fibers (Connective Tissue Proper)

A

Stretch and recoil; wavy

38
Q

Loose connective tissue

A
  1. Embryonic mesenchyme, mucous connective tissues
  2. Areolar tissue
  3. Adipose tissue
  4. Reticular tissue
39
Q

Areolar tissue

A
  1. Most common; contains all cells and fibers
  2. Binds skin to muscle below
  3. Holds organs and tisues together
  4. Protection
  5. The one that looks like a spider web
39
Q

Dense connective tissue

A
  1. Dense regular CT
  2. Dense irregular CT
40
Q

Adipose tissue

A
  1. Adipocytes; large lipid droplets occupt most of the cell
  2. Vascular
  3. Under layers of skin, around organs
  4. Stores lipids (energy)
  5. The one that looks like fat blobs
41
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A
  1. Collagen fibers arrange in one direction with fibroblasts
  2. Withstands tension
  3. Little blood flow
  4. Found in tendons and ligaments
42
Q

Prefix (tissue cells are found in)

A
  1. Chondro - cartilage
  2. Osteo - bone
43
Q

Suffix (types of cells)

A
  1. Blast - matrix forming cells
  2. Cyte - maintains matrix
  3. Clast - breaks down matrix
44
Q

Cartilage (Supporting connective tissue)

A
  1. Provides shock absorption and protection
  2. matrix is a firm gel
  3. Avascular
45
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  1. Avascular
  2. Between articulating bones
  3. Provides flexible support and reduces friction
  4. Multiple chondrocytes in a lacunae
46
Q

Elastic Cartliage

A
  1. Elastic support
  2. looks like veins
47
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  1. Strongest cartilage
  2. Resist compressive shock
  3. Only ONE chondrocytes within lacunae
48
Q

Bone

A
  1. Vascular
  2. Support, protect
49
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Specialized to contract
1. Skeletal
2. Smooth
3. Cardiac

50
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Specialized to send electrical impulses
Brain, spinal cord, nerves

51
Q

Membranes

A

Continuous multicellular sheets composed of two tissue types
1. Epithelial and connective
2. From a barrier; line, cover and protect surfaces; lubricate surfaces

52
Q

Four types of membranes

A
  1. Mucous
  2. Serous
  3. Cutaneous
  4. Synovial
53
Q

Mucous membranes

A
  1. Line cavities that open to the exterior
  2. Absorption, secretion, protection
  3. May produce mucous
  4. Diogestive and respiratory systems
54
Q

Serous membranes

A
  1. Lines cavities that don’t open to the exterior
  2. Produce serous fluid
  3. Parietal (lines cavity) Visceral (Covers organs)

Anatomy & Physiology (13 decks)

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