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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal system

A
  1. Bones of the skeleton
    2.Cartilages, ligaments and other connective tissues that stabilize and connect
  2. 99% of body’s calcium is in the skeleton
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2
Q

Functions of the skeleton system

A
  1. Support
    - carry our tissues
  2. Storage of minerals and lipids
    - calcium, phosphate and fat (yellow bone marrow)
  3. Blood cell production
    - red bone marrow
  4. Protection
    - surrounds delicate organs
  5. Leverage
    - bones as levers muscles act on
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3
Q

bone shapes

A
  1. Long - long and slender (arms and legs)
  2. Flat - thin, curved with parallel surfaces (skull, sternum, and ribs)
  3. Short - small and boxy (wrist, ankle)
  4. Irregular - complex (vertebrae, pelvis, some skull)
  5. Sesamoid - patella (may be others)
  6. Sutural - fill in spaces between skull bones
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4
Q

Bone structure - three types of bones

A
  1. Compact bone (dense)
    - very organized
  2. Spongy bone (cancellous)
    - many spaces like a sponge
  3. Flat bone - spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone
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5
Q

Parts of the long bone

A
  1. Diaphysis - shaft
  2. Medullary cavity - part of diaphysis, filled with red or yellow marrow
  3. Epiphyses - ends (proximal & distal)
  4. Metaphysis - connects diaphysis to epiphysis
  5. Articular cartilage - covers articulating surface (joints)
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6
Q

Two types of Bone Marrow

A
  1. Red bone marrow
    -site of blood cell production
    -stem cells and immature cells
    -children up to 7 all bones
    -adults found some spongy bone (flat bones and some epiphyses
    2.
    - found in the marrow cavity of long bones
    -stores fat
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6
Q

Osseus tissue

A
  1. Bone histology - study of bone tissue or osseous tissue
  2. Connective tissue with a solid matrix
    -crystals of hydroxyapatite (calcium & salt ions
    -collage fibers
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6
Q

Cells in bone

A
  1. Osteocytes = mature bone cells
    - maintain matrix
    - in lacunae
    - connected by canaliculi
  2. Osteoblasts = synthesize new matrix
    -osteogenesis (ossification)
  3. Osteoclasts = dissolves bone matrix
    - giant cells, 50 or more nuclei
    - Osteolysis - resorption of bone matrix

-must have a balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts to maintain bone mass

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7
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Stem cells responsible for bone repair & growth
- differentiate into osteoblasts

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8
Q

Structure of compact bone

A
  1. Osteon
    - structural unit of compact bone
  2. central canal with blood vessels
  3. lamellae - rings of bone matrix
  4. Lacunae - cavities holding bone cells (osteocytes)
  5. Canaliculi - little canals allowing for the movement of substances
  6. Perforating canals
    - canal perpendicular to the central canal
    - carries blood vessels and nerves
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9
Q

Characteristics of spongy bone

A
  1. contains trabeculae
    - “little beams”
    - no complete osteons
    - contain red bone marrow
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10
Q

Bone stress locations

A
  1. Compact bone
    - located where stresses are limited in direction
  2. spongy bone
    - located where stresses are weaker or multidirectional
    -protects red bone marrow
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11
Q

Bone membrane: Periosteum

A
  1. double layered fibrous membrane
  2. covers bones
  3. outer layer
    - tough fibrous connective tissue; tendons and ligaments attach
  4. Inner layer
    - contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteoprogenitor cells; involved in bone growth, repair and remodeling
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12
Q

bone membrane: Endosteum

A
  1. lines cavities
  2. involved in growth repair & remodeling
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13
Q

Ossification

A

Converting other tissue to bone

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14
Q

Calcification

A

Depositing calcium salts within tissues
- occurs during ossification

15
Q

Epiphyseal plates

A

Allow for growth of long bone during childhood
- new cartilage is continuously formed
- older cartilage becomes calcified; cells die
- calcified cartilage is eroded
- bone tissue forms
- ossification comes after cartilage formation

15
Q

Endochondral ossification

A
  1. Cartilage model gradually replaced by bone
  2. Long bones of the embryonic skeleton
  3. Results in the diaphysis and epiphyses being separated by a plate of cartilage
    - growth plate/epiphyseal plate
16
Q

Longitudinal Bone Growth

A
  1. Grows in height
  2. Occurs at the growth plate
    p Epiphyseal plate
  3. Activity influenced by hormones
    - growth hormones
    - sex hormones (at puberty)
  4. Closure: epiphyseal plate –> epiphyseal line
17
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Occurs in flat and irregular shaped bones of embryo
  2. Fibrous membrane –> bone
    - dermal bones result (under dermal layer)
    - include skull bones, mandible and clavicle
  3. begins at ossification center
18
Q

Fontanels

A

Soft spots of fetal skulls

19
Q

Appositional growth

A
  1. growth in width
  2. occurs throughout life, very slow
  3. involves osteoblasts in periosteum and osteoclasts in endosteum
  4. Results in larger strong bones
20
Q

Blood & nerve supply of bone

A
  1. Osseus tissue
    - metabolically active
    - highly vascular
  2. nerve supply
    - parallel blood vessels
21
Q

Bone remodeling

A
  1. continually remodeling
    - recycles and renews the organic and mineral components of the bone matrix
  2. remodeling in response to stress and body’s needs
  3. exercise = mechanical stress
    - causes bones to become stronger and thicker
  4. mechanical stress (weight bearing activity) increases bone density
    - nonuse = loss of bone mass
22
Q

Nutritional needs of bone

A
  1. minerals: calcium, phosphate, magnesium
  2. Vitamin D: (calcitrol) for calcium absorption
  3. Vitamin C: for collagen formation
  4. Proper hormone levels
23
Q

Hormones

A
  1. Growth hormones and thyroxine increase bone mass
  2. Sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone)
  3. Calcitonin and PTH control blood calcium levels, affect bones
24
Q

Calcitonin

A

decreases blood calcium levels
- deposits Ca++ in bone matrix
-Maintains blood calcium levels

25
Q

PTH

A

increases blood calcium levels
-withdraws Ca++ from bone matrix
- maintains blood calcium levels

26
Q

Effects of aging on bone

A
  1. Osteopenia
    - reduction of bone mass
  2. osteoporosis
    - reduction interferes with normal functions

Anatomy & Physiology (13 decks)

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