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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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2
Q

Cell Composition

A

Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm organelles, and Nucleus

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3
Q

Cell Membrane Functions

A
  1. Physical isolation
  2. Regulation of exchange
  3. Sensitivity (Changes in concentration of pH, hormones, and neurotransmitters)
  4. Structural Support
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4
Q

Cell Membrane Composition

A

Phospholipid bi-layer, Proteins, Glycoproteins, and Cholesterol

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5
Q

Phospholipid Bi-layer

A

Hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads, gives stability.

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6
Q

Types of Membrane Proteins

A
  1. Integral - Part of membrane structure.
  2. Peripheral - Bound to inner to outer surface, easily separated
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7
Q

Membrane Protein Functions

A
  1. Anchoring Proteins
  2. Recognition proteins (identification tags)
  3. Enzymes
  4. Receptor Proteins (Bind to ions and hormones)
  5. Carrier Proteins
  6. Channels (Pores)
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8
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Membrane carbohydrate; sugar coating cell.
1. Lubrication and Protection
2. Anchoring and Locomotion
3. Specificity in binding
4. Recognition

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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  1. Cytosol - Intracellular fluid, water, solutes
  2. Organelles - Functional structures
  3. Inclusions - Insoluble, storage
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10
Q

Organelles

A

Nonmebraneous - In cytosol
Membraneous - Separated from cytosol by plasma membrane

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11
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Cell skeleton.
1. microfilaments: anchor, movement
2. Intermediate filaments: strengthen; stabilize organelles
3. Microtubules: monorail; cell division apparatus; from organelles

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12
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger-like extensions of the cell membrane which increase surface area.

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13
Q

Centrioles

A

Two bundles of microtubules; Active in cell division

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14
Q

Cilia

A

Extension of the cell membrane; contains microtubules; active in movement of substances of cell surface. (Flagellum)

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15
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small, darkly stained structures; contain rRNA; site of protein synthesis.
1. Free ribosomes: Found in the cytoplasm
2. Fixed ribosomes: Attached to the ER

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16
Q

Proteasomes

A

Contain protein digesting enzymes; breakdown and recycle damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins

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17
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Series of membrane bound interconected channels, tubes, and chambers.
Intracellular communication and transport system.

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18
Q

Types of ER

A
  1. Rough ER: Associated with ribosomes, protein synthesis, and sends transport vesicles to golgi apparatus.
  2. Smooth ER: No ribosomes; synthesis and storage of: lipids, glycogen, steroid hormones, phospholipds, and cholesterol; detoxification.
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19
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stack fo membrane bound discs that modifies and packages secretion, renews and modifies the cell membrane, and packages special enzymes used in cytosol

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20
Q

Lysosomes

A

Made by the gogli apparatus; breakdown metabolic watse products; digest or destroy worn out parts, pathoegens, and suicide bags (autolysis)

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21
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Enzymes which neutralize free radicals; protective; self-replicating

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22
Q

Mitochondria

A

Holds enzymes for aerobic respiration (Produce energy.)

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23
Q

The Nucleus

A

Separated from cytoplasm by nucelar envelope; contains genetic material; directs the activites of the cell.

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24
Q

Parts of the Nucleus

A

Nuclear Envelope - Very porous; movement of ions and small molecules
Nucleolus - Darker area within nucleous; site of ribosome production; contains RNA, enzymes, and proteins called histones.

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25
Q

DNA

A

Nucleic Acid with Base Pairs. i.e. ACGT –> TGCA. Genetic Code; instructions for making proteins. DNA winds around histones to produce a nucelosome.

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26
Q

Histones

A

Regulate and package DNA

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27
Q

Chromatin

A

Nucleosomes: DNA & Histones; Loosely organized

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28
Q

Chromosomes

A

Packages chromatin for cell division; only visible during cell division; 23 pairs.

29
Q

Triplet Code

A

A sequence of 3 bases of DNA that codes for an amino acid

30
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA that codes for a protein.

31
Q

Flow of Information

A

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

32
Q

Transcription

A

DNA –> mRNA

33
Q

Codon

A

Three base mRNA sequence

34
Q

Translation

A

RNA –> Protein

35
Q

Anticodon

A

3 bases of tRNA complimentary to codon on mRNA

36
Q

Permeability

A

The ability for substances to pass through the cell membrane

37
Q

Passive Transport

A

Does not use energy (ATP)

38
Q

Active Transport

A

Uses energy (ATP)

39
Q

Diffusion

A

Net movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low concentration

40
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Difference in concentration; more movement in one direction than the other

41
Q

Factors influencing diffusion

A
  1. Distance
  2. Molecule Size
  3. Temperature
  4. Gradient Size (greater gradient, quicker diffusion)
  5. Electrical forces (opposite attracts; similar repel)
42
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Lipids, Gases, Toxins (Passive)

43
Q

Channel Mediated Diffusion

A

Passes through a channel; Water and special Ions (Passive)

44
Q

Facillitated Diffusion

A

Uses a carrier protein; Amino Acids and Carbohydrates (Passive)

45
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to solute differences (Water moves with the gradient: More Water –> Less Water.
Membrane is permeable to the Solvent (Water) but not the Solute

46
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Force with which pure water moves into that solution as a result of its solute concentration

47
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Opposes osmotic pressure

48
Q

Hypotonic

A

Less solute than what is in the cell
(higher water concentration: more dilute)

49
Q

Isotonic

A

Same solute concentration as inside the cell

50
Q

Hypertonic

A

More solute than what is in the cell. (less water concentration, more concentrated.)

51
Q

Tonicity

A

Refers to the concentration of the interstitial fluid.

52
Q

Carrier Mediated Transport

A

Binding and transporting specific substances or ions by integral proteins.
1. Cotransport: two substances move together
2. Counter-transport: two substances move in opposite directions; in and out of cell

53
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Compounds to be transported bind to a receptor site on a carrier protein

54
Q

Active Transport

A

Consumes ATP; goes against the gradient (high –> low)
1. Ion Pump
2. Secondary Active Transport

55
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Material moves into or out of cells in membranous vesicles
1. Endocytosis: Movement into the cell (Pincytosis, Phagocytosis)
2. Exocytosis: Injection of materials out of the cell

56
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Endocytosis: ingestion of liquid into the cell (Cell drinking)

57
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Endocytosis: Ingestion of other cells by white blood cells

58
Q

Mitosis

A

Process of cell division in somatic (body) cells where one cell produces two identical daughter cells.

59
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm

60
Q

Interphase

A

Cell performs normal functions; prepares to divide; DNA replication.

61
Q

Prophase

A

Prepares further for cell division; chromatin –> Chromosomes; spindle forms, nuclear membrane disassembles

62
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in center of the cell

63
Q

Anaphase

A

Anaphase: Daughter chromosomes separate

64
Q

Telophase

A

Telophase: Reverse of Prophase; Chromosomes –> Chromatin; Spindle disassembles, nuclear membrane forms; Cytokinesis occurs

65
Q

Mitotic Rate

A

The longer the life expectancy of the cell, the slower the mitotic rate

66
Q

Cancer

A

Abnormal cell division produces tumors or neoplasms
1. Benign
2. Malignant (invasive)

67
Q

Differentiation

A

Results from inactivation of particular genes; Produces populations of cells with limited capabilities; Differentiated cells form tissues

68
Q

Stem Cells

A

Cells which habe not been differentiated

Anatomy & Physiology (13 decks)

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