Chapter 9 Flashcards
cellular respiration
- aerobic
- oxygen is used as sugar and broken down to carbon dioxide and water
- energy is released in the form of ATP
what is required for cellular respiration
- breathing air and eating food (glucose and oxygen)
how is ATP formed
ADP + P= ATP
how and what is glucose oxidized to
- oxidized to CO2 through redox reactions
what are the four stages of cellular respiration
- glycolysis
- pyruvate processing
- citric acid cycle
- electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
glycolysis
- series of 10 reactions
- occurs within cytosol
how does glycolysis start
uses 2 ATP in energy investment phase
what is the products of glycolysis
- 2 NADH
- 2 ATP
- 2 pyruvate
how does glycolysis make pyruvate
breaks down glucose into pyruvate
how is NADH generated in glycolysis
through the oxidation step
how is glycolysis regulated
feedback inhibition
pyruvate processing
produced during glycolysis and is transported into mitochondria
cristae
actual folds of mitochondria
where does pyruvate processing occur
mitochondria
what is pyruvate oxidized into to
two carbon compound acetyl CoA
what enzyme does pyruvate processing take place in
pyruvate dehydrogenase
what is produced from pyruvate processing
- one of its carbons is oxidized to CO2
- NADH produced
- produce acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
completes the breakdown of glucose to CO2
what are the products of the citric acid cycle
NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers)
how many times does the citric acid cycle occur
runs two times for each glucose
what do 2 turns of the citric acid cycle produce per glucose
- 6 CO2
- 4 ATP
- 10 NADH
- 2 FADH2
how is the citric acid cycle regulated
- different mechanisms of feedback inhibition can turn off the citric acid cycle
- reaction rates higher when ATP and NADH are scarce
- reaction rates are lower when ATP or NADH is abundant
where does the citricmit acid cycle occur
mitochondria
electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
main production of ATP through eceltron transport chain and chemiosmosis
where does the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation occur
inner mitochondrial membrane
what is oxidative phosphorylation paired with
ETC
- formed by carrier molecules
- pass electrons from carrier to carrier and release energy
chemiosmosis
movement of ions down an electrochemical gradient
- drive ATP synthase
what is the endpoint of electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
ATP synthase
what is the purpose of oxygen at the end of the ETC
- electron acceptor
- gives electrons somewhere to go after the end of the process
- oxygen gained a much of electron and is reduced to become H2O
what goes in and comes out of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
- goes in: electron carriers and oxygen
-comes out: ATP and H2O
ATP synthase
enzyme that synthesizes ATP
- protons move through a proton channel
oxidative phosphorylation
movement of protons
- most of ATP made during cellular respiration is made during this process
what organisms use aerobic respiration
all eukaryotes and many prokaryotes
what organisms use anaerobic respiration
some prokaryotes that are in oxygen poor environments
what is the most effective electron acceptor
oxygen
- highly electronegative
what happens when thre is no electron acceptor
- electrons have no place to go
- ETC stops
- NADH builds up and there is no NAD+ available to accept electrons
fermentation
- damage control
- stops with pyruvate processing
- metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD+ from NADH
how much ATP does fermentation produce
2 ATP per glucose
how much ATP is produced from cellular respiration
29 ATP per glucose
what are organism called that can switch between fermentation and aerobic respiration
facultative anaerobes
- respond to their environment
- use only when electron acceptor is not available
catabolic pathways
break molecules down and tap into energy stored in those molecules
anabolic pathways
- use ATP to put molecules together
- synthesis of larger molecules from smaller components
what moves pyruvate into mitochondria
transport proteins
what is ATP synthase structure similar to
rotor
what is the difference between energy investment phase and energy payoff phase
energy investment is the initial start and consumes 2 ATP and in energy payoff phase 2 ATP molecules and 1 NADH moleucle
proton motive force
separation of positive H+ on outside of cell and OH- on inside of cell
- stores potential energy
