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Biology Lecture > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cellular respiration

A
  • aerobic
  • oxygen is used as sugar and broken down to carbon dioxide and water
  • energy is released in the form of ATP
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2
Q

what is required for cellular respiration

A
  • breathing air and eating food (glucose and oxygen)
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3
Q

how is ATP formed

A

ADP + P= ATP

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4
Q

how and what is glucose oxidized to

A
  • oxidized to CO2 through redox reactions
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5
Q

what are the four stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate processing
  3. citric acid cycle
  4. electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
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6
Q

glycolysis

A
  • series of 10 reactions
  • occurs within cytosol
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7
Q

how does glycolysis start

A

uses 2 ATP in energy investment phase

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8
Q

what is the products of glycolysis

A
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 pyruvate
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9
Q

how does glycolysis make pyruvate

A

breaks down glucose into pyruvate

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10
Q

how is NADH generated in glycolysis

A

through the oxidation step

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11
Q

how is glycolysis regulated

A

feedback inhibition

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12
Q

pyruvate processing

A

produced during glycolysis and is transported into mitochondria

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13
Q

cristae

A

actual folds of mitochondria

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14
Q

where does pyruvate processing occur

A

mitochondria

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15
Q

what is pyruvate oxidized into to

A

two carbon compound acetyl CoA

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16
Q

what enzyme does pyruvate processing take place in

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

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17
Q

what is produced from pyruvate processing

A
  • one of its carbons is oxidized to CO2
  • NADH produced
  • produce acetyl CoA
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18
Q

citric acid cycle

A

completes the breakdown of glucose to CO2

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19
Q

what are the products of the citric acid cycle

A

NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers)

20
Q

how many times does the citric acid cycle occur

A

runs two times for each glucose

21
Q

what do 2 turns of the citric acid cycle produce per glucose

A
  • 6 CO2
  • 4 ATP
  • 10 NADH
  • 2 FADH2
22
Q

how is the citric acid cycle regulated

A
  • different mechanisms of feedback inhibition can turn off the citric acid cycle
  • reaction rates higher when ATP and NADH are scarce
  • reaction rates are lower when ATP or NADH is abundant
23
Q

where does the citricmit acid cycle occur

A

mitochondria

24
Q

electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

A

main production of ATP through eceltron transport chain and chemiosmosis

25
Q

where does the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation occur

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

26
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation paired with

A

ETC
- formed by carrier molecules
- pass electrons from carrier to carrier and release energy

27
Q

chemiosmosis

A

movement of ions down an electrochemical gradient
- drive ATP synthase

28
Q

what is the endpoint of electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP synthase

29
Q

what is the purpose of oxygen at the end of the ETC

A
  • electron acceptor
  • gives electrons somewhere to go after the end of the process
  • oxygen gained a much of electron and is reduced to become H2O
30
Q

what goes in and comes out of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • goes in: electron carriers and oxygen
    -comes out: ATP and H2O
31
Q

ATP synthase

A

enzyme that synthesizes ATP
- protons move through a proton channel

32
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

movement of protons
- most of ATP made during cellular respiration is made during this process

33
Q

what organisms use aerobic respiration

A

all eukaryotes and many prokaryotes

34
Q

what organisms use anaerobic respiration

A

some prokaryotes that are in oxygen poor environments

35
Q

what is the most effective electron acceptor

A

oxygen
- highly electronegative

36
Q

what happens when thre is no electron acceptor

A
  • electrons have no place to go
  • ETC stops
  • NADH builds up and there is no NAD+ available to accept electrons
37
Q

fermentation

A
  • damage control
  • stops with pyruvate processing
  • metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD+ from NADH
38
Q

how much ATP does fermentation produce

A

2 ATP per glucose

39
Q

how much ATP is produced from cellular respiration

A

29 ATP per glucose

40
Q

what are organism called that can switch between fermentation and aerobic respiration

A

facultative anaerobes
- respond to their environment
- use only when electron acceptor is not available

41
Q

catabolic pathways

A

break molecules down and tap into energy stored in those molecules

42
Q

anabolic pathways

A
  • use ATP to put molecules together
  • synthesis of larger molecules from smaller components
43
Q

what moves pyruvate into mitochondria

A

transport proteins

44
Q

what is ATP synthase structure similar to

A

rotor

45
Q

what is the difference between energy investment phase and energy payoff phase

A

energy investment is the initial start and consumes 2 ATP and in energy payoff phase 2 ATP molecules and 1 NADH moleucle

46
Q

proton motive force

A

separation of positive H+ on outside of cell and OH- on inside of cell
- stores potential energy

Biology Lecture (15 decks)

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