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Biology Lecture > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is photosynthesis and its purpose

A

converts solar energy into chemical energy

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2
Q

photsynthesis equation

A

CO2 + H2O + light energy —> (CH2O)n + O2

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3
Q

autotrophs

A
  • don’t eat anything derived from other organisms
  • producers
  • produce organic molecules from CO2
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4
Q

heterotrophs

A
  • obtain organic material from other organisms
  • consumers of biosphere
  • depend on photoautotrophs
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5
Q

what type of reaction is photosynthesis

A

redox
- uses energy to build carbs

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6
Q

what are the 2 steps of photosynthesis

A
  1. light dependent reactions
  2. Calvin cycle (light independent reactions)
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7
Q

light dependent reactions

A
  • produce O2 from H2O
  • water is split to form O2
  • ATP is produced
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8
Q

what happens to electrons in the light dependent reactions

A
  • get excited by light energy
  • high energy electrons are transferred to electron carrier NADP+ to form NADPH
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9
Q

what does the Calvin cycle use to reduce CO2

A

electrons and ATP

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10
Q

what does the Calvin cycle produce

A

sugar from CO2

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11
Q

where does photosynthesis take place

A

chloroplasts

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12
Q

how many membranes do chloroplasts have

A

2

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13
Q

thylakoids

A
  • 1 big membrane folded on itself
  • form grana stacks
  • contain large quantities of pigment
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14
Q

lumen

A

space inside thylakoid

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15
Q

stroma

A
  • space surrounding thylakoids
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16
Q

what is the most common pigment in thylakoids

A

chlorophyll
- reflects green light

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17
Q

accessory pigments

A

absorb and reflect other colors

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18
Q

what type of light do plants primarily use

A

red and blue light
- red light= 700 wavelength
- blue light= around 380 wavelength

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19
Q

pigments

A
  • different pigments absorb different wavelengths
  • wavelengths are reflected or transmitted
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20
Q

chlorophylls

A
  • absorb= red and blue light
  • reflect= green light
    1. chlorophyll a
    2. chlorophyll b
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21
Q

carotenoids

A
  • absorb= blue and green light
  • reflect= yellow, orange, and red light
  • absorb excessive light that damages chlorophyll
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22
Q

photon

A

particle of light

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23
Q

difference between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b

A

chlorophyll a is main photosynthetic pigment while chlorophyll b broaden the spectrum used

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24
Q

what happens when pigment absorbs light

A

goes from ground state to an unstable excited state

25
Q

how does florescence hapopen

A

excited electrons fall back to ground state and photons are given off

26
Q

photosystem

A

chlorophyll molecules that work together
- 2 major components
1. antenna complex
2. reaction center

27
Q

what are the two types of reaction centers

A
  • photosystem 1
  • photosystem 2 (happens first)
28
Q

what is the purpose of the photosystems

A

work together to produce enhancement effect and increase photosynthesis
-abosrb light, transfer energy and electrons

29
Q

primary electron acceptor

A

accepts an excited electron from chlorophyll a
- start button to photosynthesis

30
Q

what is the ultimate primary electron acceptor

A

reaction center complex

31
Q

photo phosphorylation

A

proteins building up to make ATP synthase move and turn to release energy

32
Q

photosystem 2

A
  • water splitting complex to keep assembly line going
  • sunlight triggers excitement of electron
33
Q

photosystem 1

A
  • lose some excitement when enter and then become more excited again because they tap into a different wavelength of light
  • low energy electrons are re-generated
  • reduce NADPH+ to NADPH
34
Q

why does photosystem 2 split water

A

to replace electrons lost

35
Q

what are the 3 phases of the Calvin cycle

A
  1. fixation
  2. reduction
  3. regernation
36
Q

fixation

A
  • CO2 reacts with ribulose (5 carbon compound)
  • results in 6 carbon molecule splitting into two 3PGA (3 carbon molecule)
  • converts, interacts, and fixes CO2 into sugar
37
Q

reduction

A
  • 3GPA are phosphorylated by ATP and reduce NADPH
  • produce G3P
  • making sugars and then sugar is released
38
Q

regeneration

A

remaining G3P is used in reactions that use ATP

39
Q

G3P

A
  • converted to whatever plant needs
  • sugar
40
Q

where does the calvin cycle occur

A

stroma of chloroplasts

41
Q

what does one turn of the calvin cycle fix

A

one molecule of CO2

42
Q

what does three turns of the calvin cycle do

A
  • fixes 3 CO2
  • produces 1 molecule of G3P
  • 3 regenerated RuBP
43
Q

how many times does the calvin cycle have to occur to produce 1 molecule of glucose

A

6 times

44
Q

rubisco

A
  • very slow enzyme
  • slows rate of CO2 reduction
  • drawn to both O2 and CO2 so they compete
  • used in C3 plants
45
Q

what happens if there is no CO2

A

calvin cycle stops and a lethal backup of electrons occur

46
Q

photrespiration

A

undoes photosynthesis
- serves as damage control
- consume oxygen and releases fixed CO2

47
Q

stomata

A

pores that allow gas exchange

48
Q

what comes from light reactions

A
  • ATP
  • electrons
  • O2
49
Q

what come into light reactions

A
  • sunlight]
  • water
  • electrons
50
Q

what is the reaction center

A

start button for photosynthesis

51
Q

C3

A
  • normal plant
  • mesophyll
52
Q

when does photosynthesis occur in C3 plants

A

all at the same time

53
Q

C4

A
  • tropical plants
  • 4 carbon compound
  • bundle sheath
  • spacially divide steps of photosynthesis
  • carbon fixation and Calvin cycle occur in seperate cells
54
Q

CAM plants

A
  • photosynthesis occurs at different times of day
  • dessert plants
  • form 4 carbon compound
  • open stomata at night and fix CO2
  • release CO2 and run calvin cycle during the day when stomata are closed
55
Q

PEP carboxylase

A
  • fix CO2 even when CO2 concentrations are low
  • fixes CO2 to a 3 carbon molecile in mesophyll cells
  • used in C4 plants
56
Q

where do the light dependent reactions happen

A

thylakoid in chloroplast

57
Q

where does the calvin cycle occur

A

stroma of chloroplast

58
Q

RuBP

A
  • ribulose bisphosphate
  • 5 carbon compound

Biology Lecture (15 decks)

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