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Biology Lecture > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what makes up chromatin

A
  • one long DNA molecule
  • proteins that maintain chromosome structure & control activity of genes
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2
Q

what do chromatin eventually break down into

A

chromosomes

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3
Q

what is the purpose of the centromere

A

join sister chromatids by the waist

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4
Q

what are the two parts of the cell cycle

A

interphase (non-dividing)
mitotic phase

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5
Q

what are the stages within interphase

A

G1
S
G2

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6
Q

G1 phase

A

growth & increase in cytoplasm

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7
Q

S phase

A

duplication of chromosomes

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8
Q

G2 phase

A

growth & preparation for division

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9
Q

what are the two stages of the mitotic phase

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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10
Q

mitosis

A

division of nucleus

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11
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm and end up with 2 daughter cells

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12
Q

what are the 5 subphases of mitotic phase

A

prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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13
Q

what does “n” represent

A

how many different ones you get from mom and dad

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14
Q

what is involved in prophase

A

centrosomes
centrioles
spindles

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15
Q

interphase

A
  • prep
  • two centrosomes form
    chromosomes duplicate
  • nucleoli form
  • cytoplasmic contents double
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16
Q

prophase

A

-microtubules begin to emerge
- form spindle
- nucleoli disappear
- chromosomes condense

17
Q

what is a mitotic spindle

A

organize microtubule arrangement
- produced by centrosomes
- required to divide chromosomes

18
Q

prometaphase

A

move chromosomes to center of cell
- spindle microtubules reach chromosomes
- nuclear envelop disappears

19
Q

metaphase

A
  • mitotic spindle formed
  • chromosomes align at middle
  • face opposite poles
20
Q

anaphase

A
  • sister chromatids separate
  • daughter chromosomes moved to opposite poles
  • cell elongates
21
Q

telophase

A
  • nuclear envelope forms around each chromosome
  • chromatin uncoils
  • spindle disappears
  • cytokinesis
22
Q

cytokinesis in animal cells

A
  • cleavage furrow forms
    cleavage furrow deepens to separate contents
23
Q

cytokinesis in plant cells

A

cell plate forms in the middle from vesicles containing cell wall material
- cell plate grows outward to reach edges to divide cell
- each cell would now posses plasma membrane and cell wall

24
Q

how do bacteria divide

A

binary fission

25
Q

binary fission

A
  • bacterial chromosomes replicate
  • proteins attach to chromosomes & separate them
  • proteins divide cytoplasm
26
Q

why does cell cycle length vary

A

due to variation of length of G1 phase

27
Q

what do rapidly dividing cells do to the G1 phase

A

eliminate it

28
Q

what happen to nondividing cells

A

get permanently stuck in G1 phase (G0)

29
Q

what can affect division rate

A

response to changing environment

30
Q

how is cell cycle regulated

A

through variation in length of cycle and division rates

31
Q

cell cycle checkpoints

A

allow for cycle to be regulated

32
Q

how do the cell cycle checkpoints work

A

Regulatory molecules at each checkpoint allow a cell
to “decide” whether to proceed with division

33
Q

what happens if a cell cycle checkpoint fails

A

cancer and tumors

34
Q

cancer

A
  • grow rapidly and uncontrolled
  • invade nearby tissues & spread rapidly
  • caused by defective cell cycle checkpoints
35
Q

what does mitosis start with and produce

A
  • starts with diploid somatic cells
  • produce genetically identical daughter cells
36
Q

metaphase plate

A

during metaphase, chromosomes will line up on this plate at the center of the cell

37
Q

what is the purpose of the kinetochore

A

protein structure where the spindle fibers attach during division to pull the sister chromatids apart

Biology Lecture (15 decks)

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