Chapter 16

Question 1

gene expression

Answer 1

process of converting information in DNA into functioning molecules within the cell

Question 2

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 2

• carry information from DNA to site of protein synthesis
• interacts with DNA and grabs specific information needed

Question 3

central dogma analogy

Answer 3

DNA= novel
mRNA= spark notes
protein= summary

Question 4

RNA polymerase

Answer 4

synthesizes RNA
- uses DNA strand as template

Question 5

what is the central dogma of biology

Answer 5

summarizes flow of information in cells
DNA—>RNA—>proteins

Question 6

transcription

Answer 6

process of using a DNA template to make complementary RNA
- making copy of information

Question 7

what is the transcription analogy

Answer 7

transcribe hieroglyphs (DNA) into modern day Egyptian

Question 8

what is the flow of genetic information in a eukaryotic cell

Answer 8

DNA
transcription
RNA
translation
PROTEIN

Question 9

where does transcription occur in eukaryotes

Answer 9

nucleus

Question 10

where does translation occur in eukaryotes

Answer 10

cytoplasm

Question 11

what is translation

Answer 11

process of using information in mRNA to synthesize proteins
- switching from nucleotide “language” to amino acid “language”

Question 12

what is the analogy for translation

Answer 12

translate what Egyptian text says

Question 13

analogy for protein product

Answer 13

translated text

Question 14

codon

Answer 14

series of nonoverlapping three bases that specifies a particular amino acid

Question 15

what does a codon specify

Answer 15

amino acids

Question 16

can some amino acids have more than one possible codon

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

what is a reading frame

Answer 17

sequence of codons

Question 18

how many codons are there

Answer 18

64 total
- one start codon (AUG)
- three stop codons (UGA, UAA, & UAG)
- other 60 codons for amino acids

Question 19

what dictates how codons are translated into amino acids

Answer 19

genetic code

Question 20

genetic code

Answer 20

specifies how a sequence of nucleotides codes for a sequence of amino acids

Question 21

what is a start and stop codon

Answer 21

start- signals where protein synthesis starts
stop- signal end of protein coding sequence

Question 22

mutation

Answer 22

any permanent change in DNA

Question 23

point mutation

Answer 23

result from one or a small number of base changes

Question 24

what are the types of point mutations

Answer 24

• missense
• silent
• frameshift
• nonsense

Question 25

missense mutation

Answer 25

change an amino acid

Question 26

silent mutation

Answer 26

do not change sequence due to redundancy in code

Question 27

frameshift mutation

Answer 27

shift reading frame altering the meaning if all subsequent codons

Question 28

nonsense mutations

Answer 28

change a codon that specifies amino acid into a stop codon - early stop

Question 29

what are the three different impacts point mutations can have on fitness

Answer 29

1. beneficial: increase fitness 2. neutral: do not affect fitness 3. deleterious: decrease fitness

Question 30

chromosome mutations

Answer 30

may change chromosome number

Question 31

what are the types of chromosome mutations

Answer 31

- inversion: segment of chromosome breaks off, flips around, and rejoins - translocation: section of chromosome breaks off & becomes attached to another chromosome - deletion: segment of chromosome lost - duplication: segment of chromosomes present in multiple copies

Question 32

the genetic code is

Answer 32

redundant unambiguous nearly universal without punctuation

Question 33

what did Francis Crick propose

Answer 33

sequence of DNA acted as a code - DNA is information storage molecule - particular stretch of DNA specifies amino acid sequence of protein

Question 34

Jacob & Monod

Answer 34

suggested that RNA links genes in the nucleus to protein synthesis in cytoplasm

Question 35

who determined which codon coded for each amino acid

Answer 35

Nirenberg & Leder - made chains of specific codons & determined which amino acid was bound to ribosome

Question 36

what is the relationship between genotype & phenotypes

Answer 36

genotype is determined by sequence of bases in DNA & phenotype is a product of the protein produced - differences in genotype may cause differences in phenotype

Question 37

triplet code

Answer 37

genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain

Question 38

how are triplet codes written

Answer 38

DNA and RNA as codons