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Biology Lecture > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gene expression

A

process of converting information in DNA into functioning molecules within the cell

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2
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A
  • carry information from DNA to site of protein synthesis
  • interacts with DNA and grabs specific information needed
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3
Q

central dogma analogy

A

DNA= novel
mRNA= spark notes
protein= summary

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4
Q

RNA polymerase

A

synthesizes RNA
- uses DNA strand as template

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5
Q

what is the central dogma of biology

A

summarizes flow of information in cells
DNA—>RNA—>proteins

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6
Q

transcription

A

process of using a DNA template to make complementary RNA
- making copy of information

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7
Q

what is the transcription analogy

A

transcribe hieroglyphs (DNA) into modern day Egyptian

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8
Q

what is the flow of genetic information in a eukaryotic cell

A

DNA
transcription
RNA
translation
PROTEIN

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9
Q

where does transcription occur in eukaryotes

A

nucleus

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10
Q

where does translation occur in eukaryotes

A

cytoplasm

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11
Q

what is translation

A

process of using information in mRNA to synthesize proteins
- switching from nucleotide “language” to amino acid “language”

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12
Q

what is the analogy for translation

A

translate what Egyptian text says

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13
Q

analogy for protein product

A

translated text

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14
Q

codon

A

series of nonoverlapping three bases that specifies a particular amino acid

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15
Q

what does a codon specify

A

amino acids

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16
Q

can some amino acids have more than one possible codon

A

yes

17
Q

what is a reading frame

A

sequence of codons

18
Q

how many codons are there

A

64 total
- one start codon (AUG)
- three stop codons (UGA, UAA, & UAG)
- other 60 codons for amino acids

19
Q

what dictates how codons are translated into amino acids

A

genetic code

20
Q

genetic code

A

specifies how a sequence of nucleotides codes for a sequence of amino acids

21
Q

what is a start and stop codon

A

start- signals where protein synthesis starts
stop- signal end of protein coding sequence

22
Q

mutation

A

any permanent change in DNA

23
Q

point mutation

A

result from one or a small number of base changes

24
Q

what are the types of point mutations

A
  • missense
  • silent
  • frameshift
  • nonsense
25
Q

missense mutation

A

change an amino acid

26
Q

silent mutation

A

do not change sequence due to redundancy in code

27
Q

frameshift mutation

A

shift reading frame altering the meaning if all subsequent codons

28
Q

nonsense mutations

A

change a codon that specifies amino acid into a stop codon
- early stop

29
Q

what are the three different impacts point mutations can have on fitness

A
  1. beneficial: increase fitness
  2. neutral: do not affect fitness
  3. deleterious: decrease fitness
30
Q

chromosome mutations

A

may change chromosome number

31
Q

what are the types of chromosome mutations

A
  • inversion: segment of chromosome breaks off, flips around, and rejoins
  • translocation: section of chromosome breaks off & becomes attached to another chromosome
  • deletion: segment of chromosome lost
  • duplication: segment of chromosomes present in multiple copies
32
Q

the genetic code is

A

redundant
unambiguous
nearly universal
without punctuation

33
Q

what did Francis Crick propose

A

sequence of DNA acted as a code
- DNA is information storage molecule
- particular stretch of DNA specifies amino acid sequence of protein

34
Q

Jacob & Monod

A

suggested that RNA links genes in the nucleus to protein synthesis in cytoplasm

35
Q

who determined which codon coded for each amino acid

A

Nirenberg & Leder
- made chains of specific codons & determined which amino acid was bound to ribosome

36
Q

what is the relationship between genotype & phenotypes

A

genotype is determined by sequence of bases in DNA & phenotype is a product of the protein produced
- differences in genotype may cause differences in phenotype

37
Q

triplet code

A

genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain

38
Q

how are triplet codes written

A

DNA and RNA as codons

Biology Lecture (15 decks)

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