Chapter 4 terms

Question 1

nucleic acid

Answer 1

polymers of nucleotides; polynucleotides

Question 2

nucleotides

Answer 2

monomers of nucleic acids

Question 3

DNA

Answer 3

deoxyribonucleic acid; deoxyribose

Question 4

what is the main function of DNA

Answer 4

store and transmit biological information

Question 5

what is the structure of DNA

Answer 5

double helix

Question 6

how does the double helix strand work in DNA

Answer 6

2 strands; alternating sugar-phosphate backbone; hydrophobic interactions between bases

Question 7

what bonds are associated with DNA

Answer 7

hydrogen

Question 8

What are the base pairs for DNA

Answer 8

A,T,C,G

Question 9

RNA

Answer 9

ribonucleic acid; ribose

Question 10

what is the main function of RNA

Answer 10

protein synthesis

Question 11

what is the structure of RNA

Answer 11

hairpin

Question 12

how does the hairpin structure work in RNA

Answer 12

1 strand; unpaired region forms a loop while antiparallel base paring forms double helix

Question 13

what are the nitrogenous bases of RNA

Answer 13

A,U,C,G

Question 14

what are the nitrogenous bases

Answer 14

A,T,U,C,G

Question 15

nucleoside

Answer 15

nucleotide without phosphate group

Question 16

how are nucleotides bonded

Answer 16

by phosphodiester linkages

Question 17

what are the nucleotide components

Answer 17

1. phosphate group
2. 5 carbon sugar
3. nitrogenous base

Question 18

what bond hold together nitrogenous bases

Answer 18

hydrogen bonds

Question 19

semi conservative model

Answer 19

way DNA replicates; each strand of an existing DNA serves as a template for DNA replication

Question 20

transcription

Answer 20

translates DNA to RNA

Question 21

translation

Answer 21

RNA into protein

Question 22

mRNA

Answer 22

messenger RNA; controls protein synthesis

Question 23

tRNA

Answer 23

transfer RNA; carries a specific amino acid

Question 24

what are pyrimidines

Answer 24

U, T, and C

Question 25

what are purines

Answer 25

A and G

Question 26

what and who discovered x-ray crystallography

Answer 26

way to measure the distance between atoms in DNA; Rosalind Franklin and Maruice Wilkins

Question 27

why was Erwin Chargaff important

Answer 27

discovered that number of purines=number of pyrimidines

Question 28

what did James Watson and Francis Crick discover

Answer 28

1. 2 strands held together by hydrogen bonds
2. complementary base pairing
3. double helix
4. 3’prime-5’prime and 5’prime-3’prime (antiparallel)

Question 29

what makes up the double helix strcuture

Answer 29

1. nitrogenous base pairs face interior
2. sugar phosphate backbone faces exterior

Question 30

what does antiparallel mean in DNA

Answer 30

form the ladder sides rows of the DNA; how DNA structure is put together

Question 31

5’prime

Answer 31

phosphate group; direction; end of nucleic acid

Question 32

3’prime

Answer 32

hydroxyl group; new nucleotides are added to unlinked 3’

Question 33

template strand

Answer 33

strand of RNA or DNA used to make a new, complementary strand

Question 34

complementary strand

Answer 34

phosphodiester linkages form to create a new strand

Question 35

what are the two types of distance between helix twists

Answer 35

1. major groove
2. minor groove

Question 36

which groove is the largest distance between twists

Answer 36

major grove

Question 37

which groove has the smallest distance between twists

Answer 37

minor groove

Question 38

how does the flow of information work in a eukaryotic cell

Answer 38

DNA (nucleolus)—> mRNA (nucleolus and cytoplasm)—> protein synthesis (ribosome)—>polypeptides and amino acids

Question 39

what is DNA ligase

Answer 39

an enzyme that joins pieces of DNA by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester linkage between pieces of DNA

Question 40

What is DNA polymerase

Answer 40

any type of enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of DNA