Chapter 4 terms Flashcards

1
Q

nucleic acid

A

polymers of nucleotides; polynucleotides

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2
Q

nucleotides

A

monomers of nucleic acids

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3
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid; deoxyribose

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4
Q

what is the main function of DNA

A

store and transmit biological information

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5
Q

what is the structure of DNA

A

double helix

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6
Q

how does the double helix strand work in DNA

A

2 strands; alternating sugar-phosphate backbone; hydrophobic interactions between bases

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7
Q

what bonds are associated with DNA

A

hydrogen

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8
Q

What are the base pairs for DNA

A

A,T,C,G

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9
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid; ribose

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10
Q

what is the main function of RNA

A

protein synthesis

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11
Q

what is the structure of RNA

A

hairpin

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12
Q

how does the hairpin structure work in RNA

A

1 strand; unpaired region forms a loop while antiparallel base paring forms double helix

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13
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases of RNA

A

A,U,C,G

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14
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases

A

A,T,U,C,G

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15
Q

nucleoside

A

nucleotide without phosphate group

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16
Q

how are nucleotides bonded

A

by phosphodiester linkages

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17
Q

what are the nucleotide components

A
  1. phosphate group
  2. 5 carbon sugar
  3. nitrogenous base
18
Q

what bond hold together nitrogenous bases

A

hydrogen bonds

19
Q

semi conservative model

A

way DNA replicates; each strand of an existing DNA serves as a template for DNA replication

20
Q

transcription

A

translates DNA to RNA

21
Q

translation

A

RNA into protein

22
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA; controls protein synthesis

23
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA; carries a specific amino acid

24
Q

what are pyrimidines

A

U, T, and C

25
what are purines
A and G
26
what and who discovered x-ray crystallography
way to measure the distance between atoms in DNA; Rosalind Franklin and Maruice Wilkins
27
why was Erwin Chargaff important
discovered that number of purines=number of pyrimidines
28
what did James Watson and Francis Crick discover
1. 2 strands held together by hydrogen bonds 2. complementary base pairing 3. double helix 4. 3'prime-5'prime and 5'prime-3'prime (antiparallel)
29
what makes up the double helix strcuture
1. nitrogenous base pairs face interior 2. sugar phosphate backbone faces exterior
30
what does antiparallel mean in DNA
form the ladder sides rows of the DNA; how DNA structure is put together
31
5'prime
phosphate group; direction; end of nucleic acid
32
3'prime
hydroxyl group; new nucleotides are added to unlinked 3'
33
template strand
strand of RNA or DNA used to make a new, complementary strand
34
complementary strand
phosphodiester linkages form to create a new strand
35
what are the two types of distance between helix twists
1. major groove 2. minor groove
36
which groove is the largest distance between twists
major grove
37
which groove has the smallest distance between twists
minor groove
38
how does the flow of information work in a eukaryotic cell
DNA (nucleolus)---> mRNA (nucleolus and cytoplasm)---> protein synthesis (ribosome)--->polypeptides and amino acids
39
what is DNA ligase
an enzyme that joins pieces of DNA by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester linkage between pieces of DNA
40
What is DNA polymerase
any type of enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of DNA