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Biology Lecture > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

transcription

A

transcribe DNA into RNA

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2
Q

prompter

A

signal to start transcribing
- codon of 3 nucleotides

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3
Q

how many types of RNA polymerase do bacteria and eukaryotes have

A

bacteria= 1
eukaryotes- 3 (I, II, III)

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4
Q

initiation (transcription)

A

RNA polymerase attaches to promoter

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5
Q

elongation (transcription)

A

RNA grows longer
- RNA polymerase moves along DNA

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6
Q

as RNA peels away, what happens (transcription)

A

DNA strand rejoins

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7
Q

termination (transcription)

A

RNA polymerase reaches sequence of based in DNA template to signal end of gene

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8
Q

what happens after termination in transcription

A

polymerase detaches from RNA molecule & gene

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9
Q

mRNA

A

encodes amnio acid sequences
- conveys genetic message from DNA

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10
Q

what does eukaryotic mRNA have

A

introns- interrupting sequences that separate
exons- coding regions

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11
Q

what does transcription end with

A

termination

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12
Q

what are introns considered

A

white noise

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13
Q

terminator

A

signals end of gene

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14
Q

sigma

A

protein that must bind promoter first & form holoenzyme
- recognizes & binds to promoter

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15
Q

core enzyme

A

RNA polymerase because it has active site

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16
Q

how are introns removed

A

splicing

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17
Q

spliceosome & splicing

A

cut out extra information that isn’t needed
- allows different mRNAs & proteins to be produced from single gene

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18
Q

in eukaryotes, what does splicing do

A

remove introns & joins exons

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19
Q

pre-mRNA

A

primary transcript
- in bacteria mRNA are translated immediately & transcript is an immature primary transcript before transcription is complete

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20
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis
- where translation happens

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21
Q

polyribosome

A

multiple ribosomes attached to an mRNA

22
Q

in eukaryotes, how are mature mRNAs transported to cytoplasm

A

by ribosomes

23
Q

where does translation occur

A

on surface of ribosome

24
Q

what are the two subunits of ribosomes

A

small- holds mRNA in place
large- where peptide bonds form

25
Q

what is the structure of ribosomes

A

contain many proteins, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and can be separated into 2 subunits

26
Q

what lines up with ribosomes during translation

A

three tRNAs

27
Q

what are the 3 sites in the ribosome

A
  • A site
  • P site
  • E site
28
Q

A site

A

acceptor site for aminoacyl tRNA

29
Q

P site

A

peptidyl site where a peptide bond forms

30
Q

E site

A

where tRNAs without amino acids exit the ribosome

31
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

function as language interpreter
- convert genetic message of mRNA into language of proteins

32
Q

how does tRNA perform the interpreter task

A

pick up appropriate amino acid using an anticodon to recognize the appropriate codons in the mRNA

33
Q

aminoacyl tnRNA

A

tRNA linked to its amino acid

34
Q

what is the structure of tRNA

A
  • relatively short
  • can form secondary structure by folding
  • CCA sequence at 3’ end is binding site for amino acids
35
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

A

enzymes that “charge” the tRNA by catalyzing the addition of amino acids to tRNAs
- adds amino acids onto tRNA

36
Q

for 61 different codons, how many tRNA are there

A

about 40 tRNAs

37
Q

wobble hypothesis

A
  • Crick
  • tRNA can grab more than 1 ingredient
  • anticodon of tRNAs can still bind successfully to a codon whose third position doesn’t follow traditional base pair rules
38
Q

what do ribosomes provide for mRNA and tRNA

A

binding sites
- subunits and binding sites come together

39
Q

anticodon

A

figures out what amino acid codons are coding for

40
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

involved in protein synthesis
- helps align mRNA & tRNA on ribosome & catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds

41
Q

polypeptide chain

A

strand of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

42
Q

ribosome binding site

A

where the small ribosomal subunit bind to the mRNA

43
Q

initiation factors

A

control whether initiation can begin or not

44
Q

translocation

A

occurs when ribosome slides one codon toward the 3’ end of mRNA

45
Q

release factor

A
  • protein
  • enters the A site
  • does not carry an amino acid
  • hydrolyzes the bond linking the P-site tRNA to polypeptide chain
  • binds to stop codon in terminating translation
46
Q

molecular chaperones

A

speed protein folding

47
Q

what are the three phases of translation

A

initiation- gets translation to start
elongation- going through A, P, & E to build out chain
termination- stop codon

48
Q

how is translation initiated in bacteria

A
  • mRNA binds to small ribosomal unit
  • initiator tRNA bearing f-Met binds to start codon
  • large ribosomal subunit binds so initiator tRNA is in P site
49
Q

what are the stages of transcription

A

initiation
elongation
RNA peels away
termination

50
Q

transcription in bacteria

A

sigma protein mist bind prompter first RNA polymerase & sigma form a holoenzyme

51
Q

what happens in bacteria before transcription is complete

A

ribosomes being translating an mRNA

Biology Lecture (15 decks)

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