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Biology Lecture > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is molecular biology

A

the study of heredity at the molecular level
- studies of bacteria and viruses

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2
Q

phages

A

viruses that infect bacterial cells

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3
Q

what were the phages labeled with in the Hershey Chase experiment

A

radioactive sulfur for proteins
radioactive phosphorus for DNA

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4
Q

nucleotides

A

building blocks for nucleic acids

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5
Q

what does the hydrogen bond hold together

A

complementary base pairs

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6
Q

phosphodiester bonds

A

hold DNA and RNA together linking sugar and phosphate groups

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7
Q

parental strand

A

serve as templates in the semi conservative model

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8
Q

how are the daughter strands made in each DNA synthesis model

A

semiconservative model= has one old and one new strand

conservative model= one daughter has both old strands & the other has both new strands

dispersive replication= each daughter has old and new DNA interspersed

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9
Q

semiconservative replication

A

parental strands separate & each is a template for new strand
- 2 DNA strands separate
- TRUE

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10
Q

conservative replication

A

parental molecule serves as template for entirely new molecule

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11
Q

dispersive replication

A

parent molecule cut into sections

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12
Q

antiparallel stands

A

5’ to 3’ polarities run in opposite directions

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13
Q

on which end are you always adding onto

A

3’ end

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14
Q

what is the origin of replication

A

replication bubble forms at specific sequence

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15
Q

replication bubble

A

forms when DNA is being synthesized
- grows in 2 directions

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16
Q

what direction does the replication bubble follow

A

follows direction replication fork moves

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17
Q

replication fork

A

region where DNA has been unwound and separated resulting in two branching prongs

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18
Q

DNA helicase

A

breaks hydrogen bonds between the 2 DNA strands to separate them
- unzips DNA strand

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19
Q

SSBPS

A

single strand DNA binding proteins
- holds strands apart
- prevent strands from closing
- come in and hold strands apart so it doesn’t close back in on itself

20
Q

DNA polymerase

A
  • works only in 5’ to 3’ direction on single strand template
  • adds dNTPs to primer 3’ end
  • synthesizes leading strand in 5’ to 3’ direction
21
Q

what does DNA polymerase match

A

matches bases with high accuracy
- construction workers
- proofread: add nucleotide only if base pair is correct

22
Q

RNA polymerase

A

builds RNA & makes primers
- provide framework that DNA can be built off of

23
Q

DNA ligase

A
  • joins Okazaki fragments
  • attach fragments together
  • links repaired strand to original undamaged DNA
24
Q

primase

A

synthesizes RNA primer
- signals where DNA needs to be built

25
Q

what build primers

A

enzyme primase

26
Q

what does primase do on the lagging strand

A

adds an RNA primer close to end of chromosome

27
Q

primer

A

act like flags to signal DNA polymerase where to build
- DNA polymerase builds from where primer is

28
Q

topoisomerase

A

cuts and rejoins DNA to relieve then tension from the unwinding DNA helix
- “stress reliever”
- relives stress by cutting DNA in strategic points

29
Q

how is the leading strand synthesized

A

5’ to 3’ direction
- toward the replication fork

30
Q

how is the lagging strand synthesized

A
  • away from replication fork
  • short fragments called Okazaki fragments
31
Q

which is faster; lagging or leading strand

A

leading strand

32
Q

Okazaki fragments

A
  • ## short, discontinues fragments that synthesize lagging strand
33
Q

how is the okazaki fragments joined

A

DNA ligase

34
Q

what is the replisome

A
  • enzyme machine
  • contains enzymes responsible for DNA synthesis around replication fork
35
Q

telomeres

A

ends of linear chromosomes
- can be problematic
- may add to aging process

36
Q

telomerase

A
  • helps prevent or slow shortening process
  • adding this to cells will cause more cell division
37
Q

mismatch repair

A

occurs when mismatched bases are corrected after DNA synthesis is complete

38
Q

what is the purpose of mismatch repair enzymes

A
  • recognize mismatched pair
  • remove section of new strand that has incorrect base
  • fill in correct bases
39
Q

nucleotide excision repair

A

recognizes types of damage
- removes damaged single stranded DNA
- uses intact strand as template for new DNA

40
Q

what could happen at the end of replication that would be a problem

A
  • single stranded DNA is left at end of lagging strand and is eventually degraded
  • this would shorten the chromosome by 50-100 nucleotides each time replication occurs
  • chromosomes would vanish
41
Q

how can DNA be damaged

A

sunlight
x-rays
chemicals

42
Q

DNA damage repair systems

A

come in, cut out damaged section, & put in a new copy

43
Q

what did the Hershey-Chase experiment result in

A

only radioactive DNA was found inside the cells, therefore, genes must be composed of DNA
- DNA was inside E. Coli, but proteins were not

44
Q

sulfur

A

proteins

45
Q

phosphorus

A

DNA

Biology Lecture (15 decks)

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