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Biology Lecture > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genetics

A

study of heredity

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2
Q

genes are considered

A

heritable factors

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3
Q

what is heredity

A

transmission of traits from parents to their
offspring

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4
Q

trait

A

any characteristic of an individua

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5
Q

what two hypotheses did Mendel prove wrong

A
  • blending inheritance
  • inheritance of acquired characteristics
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6
Q

blending inheritance

A

Parental traits blend so that
their offspring have intermediate traits
- example: blond hair x black hair–> brown hair

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7
Q

inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Parental
traits are modified through use and then passed on
- example: parent uses right hand so offspring will use right hand

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8
Q

polymorphic traits

A

Trait that appears commonly in two or more
different forms

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9
Q

true breeding

A

plants that produce offspring of the same
variety when they self-pollinate
- same variety of parents

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10
Q

how did Mendel control mating

A

remove male organs from flower to prevent self pollination

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11
Q

cross pollination

A

used pollen from one flower to fertilize another flower

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12
Q

which generation are true breeding parents

A

p generation- grandparents

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13
Q

which generation are the hybrid offspring of P generation

A

F1 generation-parents

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14
Q

what occurs when F1
individuals self-pollinate

A

F2 generation is produced
- children of F1
- grandchildren of P generation

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15
Q

particulate inheritance

A
  • Mendel proposed
  • parents pass down alleles and genes to offspring in specific way
  • traits don’t interact with each other
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16
Q

what did Mendel propose about genes

A
  • individual has two versions of each gene
  • Different alleles are responsible for variation
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17
Q

what are version of genes called

A

alleles

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18
Q

what do alternative versions of genes account for (first concept)

A

variations in inherited characteristics
- alleles

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19
Q

for each character, how are alleles inherited (third concept)

A

inherits two alleles, one from each parent
- alleles may be identical (homozygous), or
they may differ (heterozygous)
- dominant vs recessive

20
Q

dominant allele

A

determines the organism’s appearance

21
Q

recessive allele

A

no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance

22
Q

principle of segregation

A
  • two members of each gene pair must segregate
  • separate into different gamete cells
  • during formation of egg and sperm in parents
23
Q

law of segregation (fourth concept)

A
  • accounts for the 3:1 ratio he
    observed in the F2
    generation
  • possible combinations of sperm and egg
  • each gamete receives just one gene copy randomly
24
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

inheritance pattern of a
single trait

25
Q

dihybrid crosses

A

inheritance patterns of two traits
that are linked
- Mendel used this cross

26
Q

what does the dihybrid cross test

A

Independent assortment
Dependent assortment

27
Q

Independent assortment

A

Alleles of different
genes are transmitted independently of each
other
- traits don’t interact

28
Q

dependent assortment

A

transmission of
one allele depends on the transmission of
another
- one trait depends on the trait

29
Q

principle of
independent assortment

A
  • receive traits from parents individually
  • Mendel’s results supported this hypothesis
  • use dihybrid cross
30
Q

testcross

A

homozygous recessive parent mated with a parent that has the dominant
phenotype but an unknown genotype

31
Q

what can be found using a test cross

A

genotype of the second parent can be
inferred from the results
- further confirm principal of independent assortment

32
Q

Sex Linkage

A
  • X and Y chromosomes
  • specific traits found on X and Y chromosomes
33
Q

Linkage

A

tendency of genes to be inherited together because they are on the same chromosome
- gene stays with specific chromosome

34
Q

what do linked genes violate

A
  • principle of independent assortment
  • linked genes are predicted to always be transmitted
    together during gamete formation
35
Q

what can be used to create a genetic map

A

frequency of crossing over

36
Q

when are genes more likely to cross over

A

far apart from each other

37
Q

can heritable characteristics determined by only one gene with two alleles

A

many cannot be

38
Q

what is multiple allelism

A

When there are more than two alleles of a gene in a
population

39
Q

what is an example of multiple allelism

A

Humans have three common alleles for ABO
blood types
- Each codes for a version of an enzyme that adds
polysaccharides to the membrane of red blood cells

40
Q

Complete dominance

A

phenotypes of the
heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical
- example: one red flower and one white flower produce red offspring. Red would be dominant over white

41
Q

incomplete dominance

A

phenotype of F1
hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties
- phenotype between 2 parents is blended in offspring
- example: one red flower and one white flower produce offspring that is pink in color

42
Q

codominance

A

two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
- example: one red flower and one white flower produce offspring which are partially red and partially white

43
Q

what is the relationship between dominance and phenotype

A
  • dominant allele does not subdue a recessive
    allele; dominance is just what is expressed
  • Alleles are simply variations in a gene’s nucleotide sequence
44
Q

pleiotropy

A

multiple phenotypic effects
- example: have a gene for a specific disease, but show different symptoms

45
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

additive effects
of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
- 1 gene acts together but has multiple different outcomes
- example: human skin color

46
Q

what happens in epistasis

A

gene at one locus alters the
phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus

47
Q

what is an example of epistasis

A

coat color in mammals depends on two genes
- One gene determines the pigment color
- other determines whether the pigment will be deposited in the hair

Biology Lecture (15 decks)

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