Chapter 9

Question 1

what is fermentation

Answer 1

partial degradation of sugar

Question 2

aerobic respiration

Answer 2

oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel

Question 3

redox reactions

Answer 3

oxidation-reduction reactions; transfer of electrons

Question 4

reducing agent

Answer 4

electron donor

Question 5

oxidizing agent

Answer 5

electron acceptor

Question 6

What is NAD+

Answer 6

the oxidized form of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 7

what is nadh

Answer 7

the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 8

electron transport chain

Answer 8

energy releasing steps an electron “falls” through to reach the final acceptor that is oxygen

Question 9

glycolysis

Answer 9

process which begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate; occurs in cytosol

Question 10

citric acid cycle

Answer 10

also known as krebs cycle; the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide is completed here

Question 11

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 11

mode of atp synthesis; using electron transport chain

Question 12

substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 12

ATP produced through glycolysis

Question 13

acetyl coa

Answer 13

pyruvate is converted to this

Question 14

atp synthase

Answer 14

enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

Question 15

cytochromes

Answer 15

remaining electron carriers between ubiquinone and oxygen; proteins

Question 16

chemiosmosis

Answer 16

proteins

Question 17

proton motive force

Answer 17

H+ gradient that results from electron transport chain

Question 18

alcohol fermentation

Answer 18

pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps

Question 19

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 19

pyruvate is reduced directly by NADhto form lactate as an end product regenerating NAD+ with no release of CO2

Question 20

obligate anaerobes

Answer 20

types of organisms that carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Question 21

facultative anaerobes

Answer 21

organisms that make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration

Question 22

beta oxidation

Answer 22

a metabolic sequence that breaks the fatty acids down to two carbon fragments, which enter the citric acid cycle as acetyle CoA