Chapter 9 Flashcards
what is fermentation
partial degradation of sugar
aerobic respiration
oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel
redox reactions
oxidation-reduction reactions; transfer of electrons
reducing agent
electron donor
oxidizing agent
electron acceptor
What is NAD+
the oxidized form of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
what is nadh
the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
electron transport chain
energy releasing steps an electron “falls” through to reach the final acceptor that is oxygen
glycolysis
process which begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate; occurs in cytosol
citric acid cycle
also known as krebs cycle; the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide is completed here
oxidative phosphorylation
mode of atp synthesis; using electron transport chain
substrate level phosphorylation
ATP produced through glycolysis
acetyl coa
pyruvate is converted to this
atp synthase
enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
cytochromes
remaining electron carriers between ubiquinone and oxygen; proteins
chemiosmosis
proteins
proton motive force
H+ gradient that results from electron transport chain
alcohol fermentation
pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps
lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate is reduced directly by NADhto form lactate as an end product regenerating NAD+ with no release of CO2
obligate anaerobes
types of organisms that carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration
facultative anaerobes
organisms that make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration
beta oxidation
a metabolic sequence that breaks the fatty acids down to two carbon fragments, which enter the citric acid cycle as acetyle CoA
