Chapter 3 Flashcards
what is cohesion?
hydrogen bonds holding water together
what is surface tension
a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of the liquid
what is adhesion?
the clinging of one substance to another
what is thermal energy
the kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules
what is temperature
the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter, regardless of veolume
what is heat?
thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another
what is a calorie
one unit of heat; the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1C
what is a kilocalorie?
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1C
what is a joule?
0.239cal; one calorie = 4.184J
what is specific heat?
the specific heat of a substance is defined as the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1degree C
what is heat of vaporization?
the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state
what is evaporative cooling
as a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains cools down
what is a solution
a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
what is a solvent
dissolving agent of a solution
what is a solute
substance that is dissolved
what is an aqueous solution
a solution in which the solute is dissolved in water; water is the solvent
what is a hydration shell?
the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
what is a hydrophillic substance?
water-loving
what is a hydrophobic substance
water fearing
what is molecule mass
the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule
what is a mol
Avogadros number; 6.02x10^23
what is molarity
the number of mols of solute per liter of solution
what is a hydrogen ion
H+ (single protons with a charge of 1+)
what is a hydroxide ion
a water molecule that lost a proton (charge of 1-); OH-
what is a hydronium ion
(H3O+); water molecule+ proton
what is an acid
substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. pH less than 7
what is a base
a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration; pH above 7
what is a buffer
a substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution
what is ocean acidification
when CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with carbonic acid, which lowers the ocean pH.
